The off-net-cost pricing principle argues that under a broad range of environments a positive “access” charge paid by originating networks to interconnected terminating networks would cause networks to set on-net usage charges equal to off-net rates, and that these charges would fully reflect the access charge. However, other results in the literature provide reasonable conditions under which o...

Many online content providers aim to compensate for a loss in advertising revenues by charging consumers for access to content. However, such a choice is not straightforward because subscription fees typically deter customers and a resulting decline in viewership further reduces advertising revenues. This research examines whether firms that offer both free and paid content can benefit from adj...

Sweden has been a front runner in vertical separation. We use data from the business long-distance corridor to calibrate and define demand supply model. simulate how profit, welfare, fares, frequencies, modal shares train size depend on level of track charges. welfare optimal charges, given different levels congestion track, hence using charges as pricing instrument allocate slots efficiently. ...

A s we have written elsewhere, 1 some aspects of life are too precious, intimate or corruptible to entrust to the market. We prohibit selling kidneys and buying wives or judges. But the market has unquestionably gained new territory in recent years, as more and more activities previously performed by government or nonprofit agencies — including interrogating Iraqi prisoners — have been turned o...

abstract comparative advantage is one of the important economic criterions in production, import and export programming. in this survey, existence and nonexistence of the most important vegetables(potato, cucumber and tomato) comparative advantage in jiroft aria in the year 1385-86 by use of two comparative advantage recognition indexes was determined. the first indexes were social cost benefit...

in classic inventory control system, we assume that purchasing cost should be paid at time of delivery. but sometimes in order to encourage retailer to increase his order, postpond payment is provided by supplier as an incentive policy for retailer. in this paper a periodic inventory control model is invetigated in which the period between two consecutive replenishmnet is a random variable. in ...

... American policy makers are increasingly considering the use of charges and fees on road users to reduce traffi c in heavily congested urban areas. Congestion costs are emerging as one of the most important challenges faced by metropolitan planners and transport authorities in developed economies. In the United States, these costs were as high as $78 billion in 2005 and are growing as a resu...

The electronic structures and the electrostatic potential of some amino derivatives of adamantane have been studied using the density functional theory. The partial atomic charges and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (NQCC) of 14N nucleus of the considered molecules have been reported. The partial atomic charges are calculated with two methods for 14N nucleus: Mulliken charges and natural ...

Objective:Predictions of hospital charges for cancer patients are very important, because they provide a basis for allocating medical resources in the hospital and for establishing national medical policies. But previous studies to predict hospital charges were mainly based on statistical analysis, which has used only a small aspect among huge medical data so that the prediction power was limit...

Although most 'top ranked' traditional journals now offer web access to recent publications, and to less or more of their archives, not everyone has the luxury of access through their university, or has his/her subscription paid for, or can afford to pay US $30–35 for an electronic reprint. Traditionally, journals generated their revenue from individual subscribers, private and/or state owned i...