In this research, a model is designed to assess the effect of banking facilities over private sector investment. In this model, private investment is a function of non-oil GDP, and with a time lag, of import of capital goods, investment of public sector and the real facilities granted by the banking system to the private sector. The effects of the model indicate a meaningful effect of the ...

This paper deals with the concept of a semi-public good. These semi-public goods are characterized by the fact that their use is being supplemented by specific private goods. The consumption of this complementary private good is constrained by an individual quantity constraint for each individual agent. The quantity constraints depend on the level of the semi-public good. For instance, car driv...

We develop a bargaining model in which a legislature divides a budget among particularistic and collective goods. By incorporating both private and public goods in a unified model, we uncover nonmonotonic relationships between legislative preferences for collective spending and the amount of the budget actually allocated to collective goods. Put simply, policy proposers can exploit coalition pa...

The theory of public goods would be greatly simplified if it were possible to determine the optimal amount of public goods independently of the distribution of private goods among individuals. Richard Musgrave (1958, 1969) has vigorously argued for treating the allocation and distribution functions of government as distinct. But as Paul Samuelson (1955, 1969) has demonstrated, in general equlib...

‎let $g$ be a graph with vertex set $v(g)$ and edge set $x(g)$ and consider the set $a={0,1}$‎. ‎a mapping $l:v(g)longrightarrow a$ is called binary vertex labeling of $g$ and $l(v)$ is called the label of the vertex $v$ under $l$‎. ‎in this paper we introduce a new kind of graph energy for the binary labeled graph‎, ‎the labeled graph energy $e_{l}(g)$‎. ‎it depends on the underlying graph $g$...

With the continuous deepening of China's educational reform, “multi-campus” school system has become a common phenomenon in China colleges. It is a burning question that how to improve the efficiency of the financial management. Not only is VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provide effective solutions for “isolated island” of financial information among campus but also VPN is a safe, rel...