The paper models co-operative engagement under varying environmental constraints giving rise to different forms of collective action problems, specifically focussing on water management in pre-industrial societies. I show that societies where water availability is strongly seasonal develop no mechanism to encourage society-wide cooperative behaviour because the benefits of water storage are ful...

Several Canadian producers have implemented an inexpensive free-access feeding system modeled on Finnish guidelines,18 using formic acid as a milk preservative. The system mimics natural suckling and permits group social behavior. It allows for accelerated growth and changes labor requirements for calf rearing. Anecdotally, producers report less clinical cases of diarrhea and use of drugs for r...

introduction: contamination of foodstuffs with fungi and the toxins produced by them is a very important problem in human and animal feeding. in most villages around shiraz, in small-scale dairy farms, dry leftover bread which is mostly contaminated with fungi is used as a part of food ration for animals. the thin-layer chromatographic method which was used for determination of aflatoxin. inges...

BACKGROUND Although the rapid growth in general practitioner (GP) co-operatives has met with GP satisfaction, little is known about patient satisfaction. This study compares patient satisfaction with co-operative, GP practice-based and deputizing arrangements within one geographical area 15 months after a co-operative had become established; and with telephone, primary care centre and home cons...

We focus on a deliberate scenario, where milk producers are used as entry sources for a contamination and where milk consumers are the target of the attack. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how the size of damage differs dependent on the use of an optimization algorithm or a random selection of entry sources. The results indicate that with a random selection of entry sources the same res...