In this paper, an incentive policy is proposed to coordinate ordering, lead time, and pricing strategies in a two-echelon manufacturing supply chain (SC) consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. The system is faced with a stochastic demand which depends on both price and lead time. The manufacturer decides on production size and manufacturing acceleration rate while the retailer determi...

This paper investigates the Stackelberg equilibrium for pricing and ordering decisions in a multi-channel supply chain. We study a situation where a manufacturer is going to open a direct online channel in addition to n existing traditional retail channels. It is assumed that the manufacturer is the leader and the retailers are the followers. The situation has a hierarchical nature and...

Related parties in vertical relationships routinely have competing objectives. While conventional wisdom suggests that such frictions can be alleviated by centralized control, this paper demonstrates that decentralization and the tensions that arise in transfer pricing can help coordinate the decisions of affiliated firms. In particular, a vertically integrated central planner may find it diffi...

tire industry in is ecountring  an internal  competitive  market, so they need to incease their efforts in international markets. it seems that these  efforts should  be directed  by the knowledge of global marketing theories. in this research the application level of marketing theories in tire industry is measured,and by offering a model  with three categories of marketing elements. the optimu...

Retail real-time pricing (RTP) of electricity – retail pricing that changes hourly to reflect the changing supply/demand balance – is very appealing to economists because it “sends the right price signals.” Economic efficiency gains from RTP, however, are often confused with the short-term wealth transfers from producers to consumers that RTP can create. Abstracting from transfers, I focus on t...

selection of appropriate strategies is one of the important principles to achieve profitability in the business models. one of the most important of these strategies, is use of appropriate pricing strategies in order to have the correct and satisfy product pricing process, the factors that affect pricing should be identify and control. plc as organizational factors affecting group is of the mai...

The authors propose a econometric model of both the geographic locations of gasoline retailers in Singapore, as well as price competition between these retailers conditional on their geographic locations. Although market demand for gasoline are not observed, the authors are able to infer the effects of such demand from stations’ location and pricing decisions using available data on local marke...

We empirically study the price adjustment process at multiproduct retail stores. We use a unique store level data set for five large supermarket and one drugstore chains in the USA, to document the exact process required to change prices. Our data set allows us to study this process in great detail, describing the exact procedure, stages, and steps undertaken during the price change process. We...