We examined the effect of turbidity (0.5-14 beam attenuation m(-1)) and predator attack speed (150 and 296 cm s(-1)) on escape responses of juvenile cod Gadus morhua in the laboratory. We triggered escape responses using a predator model and measured escape timing, direction and locomotor performance. We also measured responsiveness and estimated the likelihood of fish escaping the ;predator at...

Predator switching is often assumed to be a stabilizing force in predator–prey interactions. Recent models, however, have shown that predator switching can have a destabilizing effect on populations, creating cycles or even extinctions of predators and prey. However, most of these models have been traditional top-down mathematical models that do not incorporate individual variability or evoluti...

In mutual intraguild predation (IGP), the role of individual guild members is strongly context dependent and, during ontogeny, can shift from an intraguild (IG) prey to a food competitor or to an IG predator. Consequently, recognition of an offspring's predator is more complex for IG than classic prey females. Thus, IG prey females should be able to modulate their oviposition decisions by integ...

In this work we present a predator-prey model that incorporates individual behavior of the predators. A classical Lotka-Volterra model with self-limiting prey describes the predator-prey interaction. Predator individuals can use two behavioral tactics to dispute a prey when they meet, the classical hawk and dove tactics. Each individual can use both tactics along its life. The predator behavior...

Individual base model of predator-prey system is constructed. Both predator and prey species have age structure and cohorts of early reproductive age have competitive advantage. The model has linear functional response in predation behavior and includes the effect of interference among predators and delay of population growth from resource intake, not by functional response but by calculation p...

Organisms are adept at altering behaviors to balance the tradeoff between foraging and predation risk in spatially and temporally shifting predator environments. In order to optimize this tradeoff, prey need to be able to display an appropriate response based on degree of predation risk. To be most beneficial in the earliest life stages in which many prey are vulnerable to predation, innate ant...

study of the spatial distribution of a pest and its natural enemies provides better decision tool for integrated pest management. the spatial distribution and seasonal activity of panonychus ulmi (koch) and its predator zetzellia mali (ewing) were studied in an apple orchard in khoramdareh (zanjan province, iran) during 2007. the interaction (density dependence) between the prey and its predato...

Predator-prey systems have been studied extensively. See, for instance, [1, 6, 8–10] and the references cited therein. Most of the previous papers focused on the predator-prey systems without stocking. Brauer and Soudack [2, 3] studied some predator-prey systems under constant rate stocking. To our knowledge, few papers have been published on the existence of positive periodic solutions for del...

In this work we present a predator–prey model that incorporates individual behavior of the predators. A classical Lotka–Volterra model with self-limiting prey describes the predator–prey interaction. Predator individuals can use two behavioral tactics to dispute a prey when they meet, the classical hawk and dove tactics. Each individual can use both tactics along its life. The predator behavior...

Perinatal stress mediated through the mother can lead to long-term alterations in stress-related phenotypes in offspring. The capacity for adaptation to adversity in early life depends in part on the life history of the animal. This study was designed to examine the behavioral and neural response in adult offspring to prenatal exposure to predator odor: an ethologically-relevant psychological s...