pneumorrhachis (pr), which involves the entrapment of air or gas within the spinal canal, is a rare clinical entity. the pathogenesis and etiology of this uncommon entity vary and may present a diagnostic challenge. air in the spinal canal can be divided into primary and secondary pr, extra- or intradural pr and etiologically classified as iatrogenic, traumatic and non-traumatic. pr is typicall...

Pneumorrhachis (PR), which involves the entrapment of air or gas within the spinal canal, is a rare clinical entity. The pathogenesis and etiology of this uncommon entity vary and may present a diagnostic challenge. Air in the spinal canal can be divided into primary and secondary PR, extra- or intradural PR and etiologically classified as iatrogenic, traumatic and non-traumatic. PR is typicall...

human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) is a disease pertained to the human immune system. given its crucial role in viral replication, hiv-1 protease (hiv-1 pr) is a prime therapeutic target in aids therapy. in this regard, the dynamic aspects of ligand-enzyme interactions may indicate an important role of conformational variability in hiv-1 pr in...

conclusions the use of sof + pr regimen or ldv/sof can significantly reduce the incidence of complications associated with the disease. for example, short and long-term outcomes are better than the current drug regimens for hcv genotype 1 patients in all stages of the disease. objectives this study is aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the three drug regimens of pegylated interferon and ...