Broadband access plays a major role for the economic growth, and for the social, and cultural development of urban areas as well as for rural regions. In case of market failure, Public Private Partnerships (PPP), respectively Private Finance Initiatives (so called in the UK), can be a powerful tool to encourage the deployment of information and communication technologies, such as broadband serv...

The present study surveys the validity of PPP in the dairy sector for European countries. We implement in the context of nonlinear smooth transmition error correction model the associated nonlinear ECM-based tests as well as the nonlinear analogue of the residual-based test for cointegration in linear models proposed by Kapetanios et.al (2006). The aforementioned tests are employed with the ass...

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Adaptation Layer 2 defines the encapsulation that allows a PPP session to be transported over an ATM virtual circuit using the ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2) adaptation layer. This document defines a set of class extensions to PPP over AAL2 that implement equivalent functionality to Multi Class Multi Link PPP over a single A...

This chapter is about a special form of virtual organization: the Public-Private Partnership (PPP), created for the purpose of generating new knowledge. PPPs typically consist of three types of partners: academia (universities and affiliated institutions), industry (individual companies) and government (departments or agencies). The PPP delivers knowledge to its participants. At the same time, ...

Real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique is being widely applied for providing precise positioning services with the significant improvement on satellite precise products accuracy. With the rapid development of the multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (multi-GNSS), currently, about 80 navigation satellites are operational in orbit. Obviously, PPP performance is dra...

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between bacterial flora in tonsillar lacunae and antistreptococcal antibody in sera of the patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP). Since the pustules develops or worsens after tonsillitis in many patients with PPP, a pathogenic role of tonsillar bacteria is suggested, but no significant association has been proven so far. I...

Abstract Precise ionospheric information, as like precise satellite orbits, clocks, and code/phase biases, is a critical factor for achieving fast integer ambiguity resolution in point positioning (PPP-AR). This study develops an ionosphere-weighted (IW) undifferenced uncombined PPP real-time kinematic (PPP-RTK) network model using code phase observations. We introduce between-station single-di...

BACKGROUND The use of expanded criteria donor kidneys (ECD) had been associated with worse outcomes. Whole gene expression of pre-implantation allograft biopsies from deceased donor kidneys (DDKs) was evaluated to compare the effect of pulsatile pump preservation (PPP) vs. cold storage preservation (CSP) on standard and ECD kidneys. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 99 pre-implantation DDK biops...

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Adaptation Layer 2 defines the encapsulation that allows a PPP session to be transported over an ATM virtual circuit using the ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2) adaptation layer. This document defines a set of class extensions to PPP over AAL2 that implement equivalent functionality to Multi Class Multi Link PPP over a single A...

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is the second most common type of pediatric bone tumor, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Picropodophyllin (PPP), a novel selective inhibitor of insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R), is able to strongly inhibit various types of cancers. However, the effect of IGF‑1R on ES remains unclear. Following treatment with various concentrations of PPP for various ti...