iran is a developing country in which the women despite the growth of rate of education in two recent decades have suffered a vast gender gap in education, during the past one hundred years. the aim of this paper was to present a portrait of educational position of women in iran, during the past one hundred years and to analyze the obstacles of females in to achieve to equal educational opportu...

background: abnormal patellar height is associated with anterior knee pain and several conditions that affect the patellofemoral joint. the aim of this study was to 1) report the incidence of patella alta and patella baja and 2) investigate whether the normal limits of the insall-salvati ratio is applicable in adult middle-easterners. methods: a radiographic review of the lateral radiographs of...

Posture control to maintain an upright stance is one of the most important and basic requirements in the daily life of humans. The sensory inputs involved in posture control include visual and vestibular inputs, as well as proprioceptive and tactile somatosensory inputs. These multisensory inputs are integrated to represent the body state (body schema); this is then utilized in the brain to gen...

Recent theoretical work has suggested that internal predictive signals are used for motor control and coordination. The predictive signal - proposed to be the output of a forward model - would be a sensory representation of action. Hence, these sensory representations could potentially influence other sensory processes. We report here how performance of hand actions assisted the visual discrimi...

A didactic on latent growth curve modeling for ordinal outcomes is presented. The conceptual aspects of modeling growth with ordinal variables and the notion of threshold invariance are illustrated graphically using a hypothetical example. The ordinal growth model is described in terms of 3 nested models: (a) multivariate normality of the underlying continuous latent variables (yt) and its rela...

The study analyzed the effects of self-recording and behavioral skills training on guarding responses of 3 staff members while they assisted 3 students with multiple disabilities to ambulate. The intervention increased the percentage of correct posture and guarding responses and the distance that students ambulated. These effects generalized when staff taught new students.

An experiment investigated in human adults the sensorimotor transformation involved in pointing to a spatial target identified previously by kinesthetic cues. In the "locating phase," a computer-controlled mechanical arm guided the left [condition LR (left-right)] or right [condition RR (right-right)] finger of the blindfolded participant to one of 27 target positions. In the subsequent "pointi...

We use ordinal patterns and symbolic analysis to construct global climate networks and uncover long- and short-term memory processes. Data analyzed are the monthly averaged surface air temperature (SAT field), and the results suggest that the time variability of the SAT field is determined by patterns of oscillatory behavior that repeat from time to time, with a periodicity related to intraseas...

This study explores the economics of charitable fund-raising. We begin by developing theory that examines the optimal lottery design while explicitly relaxing both risk-neutrality and preference homogeneity assumptions. We test our theory using a battery of experimental treatments and find that our theoretical predictions are largely confirmed. Specifically, we find that singleand multiple-priz...