during the recent decades, urban management in iran has increasingly confronted numerous challenges due to different kinds of social, cultural, political, executive, financial, and legal factors. the present study is going to specify and analyze the aforementioned challenges in the domain of the urban environment in order to determine how far they have been effective, how they have been priorit...

The lifecycle theory of saving and consumption predicts that changes in an economy’s rate of economic growth will affect its aggregate saving rate by changing the lifetime resources of younger people relative to older people. However, studies that track the saving behavior of cohorts of household heads over time as they age have yielded estimates of age-saving profiles that are too flat for gro...

This paper uses two classes of multidimensional indices to measure countries’ evolution towards the achievement of United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our results suggest that improvements in the different MDGs tend to be uncorrelated among them and, on average, countries are largely offtrack in their way towards MDGs achievement. This evolution has been highly uneven across co...

The Agricultural Revolution accompanied, either as a cause or as an effect, important changes in human demographic systems. The consensus model is that fertility and mortality increased and health declined with the adoption of agriculture, compared to those for hunter-gatherers. Analysis of the agricultural transition relies primarily on archaeological and paleodemographic data and is thus subj...

The development of culturally relevant psychological assessment tools and intervention procedures has not been commensurate with the rate of Hispanic population growth in the United States. The development of valid and reliable test measures for the assessment of this population must be based on empirical investigations. In this article, we present normative data on multiple measures from the B...

We consider the distribution of pairwise sequence differences of mitochondrial DNA or of other nonrecombining portions of the genome in a population that has been of constant size and in a population that has been growing in size exponentially for a long time. We show that, in a population of constant size, the sample distribution of pairwise differences will typically deviate substantially fro...

If a population is growing in a randomly varying environment, such that the finite rate of increase per generation is a random variable with no serial autocorrelation, the logarithm of population size at any time t is normally distributed. Even though the expectation of population size may grow infinitely large with time, the probability of extinction may approach unity, owing to the difference...

The number of Latino immigrants in rural areas has increased substantially since 1990. Furthermore, many Latino immigrants are moving to rural communities in the Southeast, Midwest, and Northwest, which historically have not been immigrant destinations. This recent, rapid, and unexpected population growth in new rural destinations has focused public attention on immigration reform and fostered ...

Bringing about access to adequate housing remains a key challenge in South Africa. In 1997, it was estimated that 2.2 million households in South Africa were without adequate housing. It was further estimated that this figure would increase by 204 000 every year because of population growth, barring any effective intervention (Department of Housing 2000:2). The housing crisis has particularly d...

How much does environmental autocorrelation matter to the growth of structured populations in real life contexts? Interannual variances in vital rates certainly do, but it has been suggested that between-year correlations may not. We present an analytical approximation to stochastic growth rate for multistate Markovian environments and show that it is accurate by testing it in two empirically b...