Muhammad (pbuh) is the last prophet sent by Allah to mankind. Qur'an divine message through him. In some verses of Qur'an, which contains many universal principles, Prophet's struggle with polytheists and deniers mentioned, as well his distinguished position among prophets. It stated that it "best example” (‘usva al-hasene) for believers, qualities related him are also mentioned. For this reaso...

In this chapter, we set down the weighty ballast of philosophy and information theory, and examine the somewhat lighter matter of the empirical rules of sensation and perception. By empirical laws we mean (Webster’s dictionary) laws “making use of, or based on, experience, trial and error, or experiment, rather than theory or systematized knowledge.” For somewhat more than one hundred years, be...

rules. In both cases, though via different mechanisms, these systems gave actors a stable reference point toward which they could orient behavior. What changes in the less-institutionalized settings of postmodernity is that this stability gives way to situational contingency, and so trust becomes something that must be constantly achieved and reachieved, what Giddens (1994) refers to as the ide...

I argue that Graham Oppy’s attempt to redefend his charge that all modal theistic arguments “must be question-begging” is unsuccessful. Oppy’s attempt to show that theism and modal concretism are compatible is not only tangential for his purposes, it is marred by a misunderstanding of theism, and vulnerable to a counterexample that actually demonstrates incompatibility. Moreover, the notion of ...

This paper introduces the cultural r/k theory an evolutionary theory that explains why different cultures evolve in different directions. The cultural r/k theory links differences in artistic style with war and peace, geography, political system and religion. This theory is useful for explaining cultural differences, for classifying artefacts and for predicting sampling bias in the archaeologic...

Anthropologists have spilt much ink deconstructing concepts inherited from the Enlightenment. Religion, possibly most misleading such concept, has proved highly resistant to acid of cross-cultural comparison. Debates about nature religion go back sociocultural anthropology's beginnings as a discipline and beyond. Proposed definitions been numerous, but none come close universal acceptance, main...

ion, General Conceptions, Self-consciousness, Mental Individuality.It would be very difficult for any one with even much more knowledge than I possess, to determine how far animals exhibit any traces of these high mental powers. This difficulty arises from the impossibility of judging what passes through the mind of an animal; and again, the fact that writers differ to a great extent in the mea...

The "four principles" of bioethics lack any reference to medicine as a special domain of human practice. It is argued that seeing medicine as one profession among many others goes against our very expectations from medicine. Clinical medicine is defined as the realm of practice that leads people along verges of bodily and existential catastrophe in ways that accommodate personal autonomy and pe...

Although a great deal has been learned about the perceived attributes of God, systematic research on the cognitive structure of deity representations is lacking. Because extant research focuses almost exclusively on the Christian God, the present studies investigate the representation of deities in a polytheistic religion, Hinduism. Prototype theory informs four studies on how conceptualization...