Most African states are unitary with political power vested in the central government. Laws and decisions concerning the public sector are enacted and enforced by the central government.1 Authority is delegated to junior government officials who implement policies within rigid guidelines. Provincial and district levels of government serve administrative roles but do not make laws, collect taxes...

Historically, African labour unions, at first were an importing driving force of the anti-colonial liberation struggle, before they transformed into transmission belts of ruling parties and governments after independence. In exchange for giving up fundamental freedoms they received a secured status, secure jobs for their members and privileges for their leaders. A rude awakening was caused by t...

A thorough review of the q-space technique is presented starting from a discussion of Fick's laws. The work presented here is primarily conceptual, theoretical and hopefully pedagogical. We offered the notion of molecular concentration to unify Fick's laws and diffusion MRI within a coherent conceptual framework. The fundamental relationship between diffusion MRI and the Fick's laws are careful...

Although at first glance French and U.S. inheritance laws appear to be diametrically opposed, this paper provides a deeper analysis. In doing so, it explains that nuances within both systems have made the laws more similar than they initially appear. U.S. inheritance laws, explicitly characterized by freedom of testation, include numerous substantive limits on how a testator may dispose of her ...

a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

place is a part of geographical space and a base for establishment of social relations. each place is unique according to its specific properties, functions and history. meanwhile, some places find symbol identity due to their especial historical events and properties and this identity would be maintained in the minds and moved to the other generations. for example azadi tower in tehran and sav...

Whilst terms like ‘law of the tendency’, ‘tendency law’ and „tendential law‟ appear in Marxist political economy, their meaning is unclear. This paper identifies the main conceptions of laws and tendencies buried in these terms and disambiguates them. Part one differentiates three conceptions of law: (i) event regularity; (ii) event regularity/tendency and (iii) tendency. Part two focuses on (i...