The paper analyzes one of the most common life insurance products the so-called participariflg (or with pro@) policy. This type of contract stands in contrast to UnitLinked (UL) products in that interest is credited to the policy periodically according to some mechanism which smoothes past returns on the life insurance company’s (LIC) assets. As is the case for UL products, the participating po...

In this paper, we introduce the Top Limited uncertain interest, and define it as a kind of exotic options. Then we propose a method to valuate the options with Monte Carlo Simulation. We demonstrate a real example from one of China venture capital policies. Our work enriches the exotic option theory, and it’s a remarkable step towards the quantitative analysis of public policies using option th...

Many protocols make use of identifiers consisting of constants and other well-known values. Even after a protocol has been defined and deployment has begun, new values may need to be assigned (e.g., for a new option type in DHCP, or a new authentication algorithm). To insure that such quantities have unique values, their assignment must be administered by a central authority. In the Internet, t...

In his 1752 essay “Of Money”, David Hume proposes that a “good policy” for a magistrate would be to keep money “still encreasing.” This paper proposes that, for Hume, money can be kept “still encreasing” through deflationary policies, rather than through inflationary policies as commonly presented in the literature. Decreasing the quantity of money in circulation in an open economy decreases pr...

We consider the problem of learning models of options for real-time abstract planning, in the setting where reward functions can be specified at any time and their expected returns must be efficiently computed. We introduce a new model for an option that is independent of any reward function, called the universal option model (UOM). We prove that the UOM of an option can construct a traditional...

The problem of determining the European-style option price in the incomplete market has been examined within the framework of stochastic optimization. An analytic method based on the discrete dynamic programming equation (Bellman equation) has been developed that gives the general formalism for determining the option price and the optimal trading strategy (optimal control policy) that reduces t...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the incremental cost over 5 years of a policy switch from the Option B to the Option B+ protocol for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS Data from cost studies and other published sources were used to determine the cost, per woman and per cohort (1000 breastfeeding and 1000 non-breastfeeding women), of...

The problem of determining the European-style option price in the incomplete market has been examined within the framework of stochastic optimization. An analytic method based on the discrete dynamic programming equation (Bellman equation) has been developed that gives the general formalism for determining the option price and the optimal trading strategy (optimal control policy) that reduces t...

Forest and colleagues have persuasively made the case that policy capacity is a fundamental prerequisite to health reform. They offer a comprehensive life-cycle definition of policy capacity and stress that it involves much more than problem identification and option development. I would like to offer a Canadian perspective. If we define health reform as re-orienting the health system from acut...

Relativized options combine model minimization methods and a hierarchical reinforcement learning framework to derive compact reduced representations of a related family of tasks. Relativized options are defined without an absolute frame of reference, and an option’s policy is transformed suitably based on the circumstances under which the option is invoked. In earlier work we addressed the issu...