While recent studies have elucidated many of the factors driving parasite dynamics during the growing season, the ecological and evolutionary dynamics during the off-season (i.e. the period between growing seasons) remain largely unexplored. We combined large-scale surveys and detailed experiments to investigate the overwintering success of the specialist plant pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis ...

Various preservation methods at low temperature have been reported for several powdery mildew fungi, but the conidia of Podosphaera aphanis causing powdery mildew of strawberry could not be preserved either at low temperature or by freeze-drying and liquid-drying of conidial suspensions or diseased leaf discs. Here, we developed a new technique for a labor-saving preservation of the conidia of ...

This paper rejects the determinism of the realist position. Domestic politics or the nature of the regime does influence the foreign behavior of the states, and in turn, the probability of war, peace, and international security. In supporting the liberal argument, it will be argued that the spread of democracy will contribute to the promotion of international security. The argument is based on ...

a KPJ Healthcare University College, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Selangor, Malaysia b KPJ Klang Specialist Hospital/KPJ Healthcare University College, Ear, Nose & Throat -Head & Neck Consultant Clinic, Selangor, Malaysia c University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ...

Increasingly, land managers have attempted to use extreme prescribed fire as a method address woody plant encroachment in savanna ecosystems. The effect that these fires on herbaceous vegetation is poorly understood. We experimentally examined immediate (<24 hr) bud response of two dominant graminoids, C3 caespitose grass, Nassella leucotricha, and C4 stoloniferous Hilaria belangeri, following ...

Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca) euphorbiae on Euphorbia epithymoides (= E. polychroma, cushion spurge) is reported for the first time in North America. Neoerysiphe (Erysiphe) galeopsidis on Lamium amplexicaule (henbit), Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis on Festuca idahoenis (Idaho fescue), Taphrina johansonii on Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), and Taphrina occidentalis on Alnus rubra (red alder) a...