Gottlob Frege is often called a "platonist". In connection with his philosophy we can talk about platonism concerning three kinds of entities: numbers, or logical objects more generally; concepts, or functions more generally; thoughts, or senses more generally. I will only be concerned about the first of these three kinds here, in particular about the natural numbers. I will also focus mostly o...

abstract the investigation of habermas’s political ideas of philosophical perspective and measuring his philosophical principles ratio, which is the deliberative democracy, is a purpose of this study that will be followed.  on the one hand, the importance of this issue is this that represents the new readings of democratic standards and on the other hand, consolidates one type of the democracy ...

Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers. What makes him famous his ideas about God-Universe relation and freedom. a pantheist philosopher. According to Spinoza, everything consists God, His attributes, modes. God immanent cause that exists for this reason, there necessity in all existence. Every being can only reveal its own power. However, man who under influence emotions wants reali...

abstract nature of philosophy is one of the most important and controversial discussions in history of philosophy. early wittgenstein as not only very great philosopher in the history but also the greatest philosopher in contemporary philosophy critic the traditional metaphysics and determinate the boundary of language. he assign language as a picture of the world then determinate extent of sen...

dionysius is one of the most important personages in christian mystic that some of his ideas were up to now popular ideas in christian theosophy, theology and philosophy. christian doctrine and neo-platonic ideas are viewed as two main sources for his opinions; although he sometimes leans to one and the rest to another. for example, in discussion about creation, angelology and trinity he tended...

The question has always been raised throughout history whether human beings need to follow the prophets or divine revelation to achieve salvation. There will be no need, as some believe, to follow divine teachings once human beings reach intellectual maturity; however, others insist on the permanent need for Guidance from God due to inadequacy of human reason. In the third or fourth century AH,...

Almost 50 years ago appeared the seminal article by Austin Bradford Hill where he presented parameters for inferring causes from statistical associations, which became known as Hill’s causal criteria. This was a milestone for the renewal of the idea of cause in medicine. Our article revisits his contribution in light of the ideas from the Australian philosopher John L. Mackie, whose important w...