Shrubs have positive (facilitation) and negative (competition) effects on understory plants, the net interaction effect being modulated by abiotic conditions. Overall shrubs influence to great extent the structure of plant communities where they have significant presence. Interactions in a plant community are quite diverse but little is known about their variability and effects at community lev...

the study of plant microfossils (palynology) has increased in past ten years. this paper reviews briefly the importance of these microscopic particles, the geo logic occurrence, methods of preparation, factors affecting observation and study, identification and classification , and finally the interpretation of palynological results plant microfossils include any type of fossil plant of microsc...

Background: Chrysanthemum; also commonly known as mums or chrysanths, is one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide. Introducing desirable traits into this valuable plant by the conventional breeding has so far been faced with some restrictions due to the limited gene pool and cross-incompatibility. Therefore, breeders have decided to exploit Agrobacterium-mediated tr...

Abstract Various climbing plants can be selected as an element in the vertical greenery system. However, it should consider species’ suitability to climb any structure. This study aims analyze growth rates of several a plane at different hole sizes wire mesh. The experimental design used this experiment was split-plot factorial randomized block that consisted two factors with three replications...