Genome-wide association meta-analyses (GWAMAs) conducted separately by two strata have identified differences in genetic effects between strata, such as sex-differences for body fat distribution. However, there are several approaches to identify such differences and an uncertainty which approach to use. Assuming the availability of stratified GWAMA results, we compare various approaches to iden...

A prospective cohort study was conducted in five purposively-sampled agro-ecological zone (AEZ)-grazing system strata in Murang'a District, Kenya, between March 1995 and June 1996. The study strata were selected based on a preliminary characterization study to represent the widest range of risks to East Coast fever (ECF) in the District and included zero-grazing and open-grazing farms. In total...

The visual system analyzes images through parallel channels, and our data suggest that the first set of parallel representations of the visual world is embodied in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina, in which light-evoked excitatory inputs of the ON and OFF bipolar cells to amacrine cells (ACs) are organized in a layer-by-layer manner. Approximately 30% of ACs have narrowly monostrat...

Phenomenological evidence suggests the existence of non-trivial background fields in the QCD vacuum. On the other hand SU(3) gauge theory possessses three different classes of both non-generic and non-trivial strata that may be used as classical backgrounds. It is suggested that this threefold multiplicity of non-trivial vacua may be related to the existence of particle generations, which would...

Systems Ay ≥ 0 with a degenerate cone of solutions are considered ill-posed since finite-precision algorithms are not expected to find points in the cone of solutions. Consequently, common condition numbers for these systems, such as C(A) [15] and C (A) [2], which are based on the notion of distance to the nearest ill-posed problem, become infinite on such ill-posed instances. In this paper we ...

The topic of this paper arises naturally in the context of affine Springer fibers, which we now take a moment to discuss. Let G be a semisimple complex algebraic group, and let g denote its Lie algebra. We then have the affine Grassmannian X = G(F )/G(O), where O is the ring C[[ǫ]] of formal power series, and F is its fraction field C((ǫ)). For any u ∈ g(F ) = g ⊗C F the closed subset X = {g ∈ ...

The μ-invariant μ = (μ1, μ2, μ3) of a rational space curve gives important information about the curve. In this paper, we describe the structure of all parameterizations that have the same μ-type, what we call a μ-stratum, and as well the closure of strata. Many of our results are based on papers by the second author that appeared in the commutative algebra literature. We also present new resul...