The four processes involved in the flammability of materials are described and related to the various flame retardance mechanisms that may operate. Following this the four practical approaches used in improving flame retardance of materials are described. Each approach is illustrated with a number of typical examples of flame retardants or synthetic procedures used. This overview of flammabilit...

The latest techniques used to prove, describe and analyze the gas phase activity of a fire retardant used in polymeric materials are briefly reviewed. Classical techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis or microscale combustion calorimetry, as well as complex and advanced analytical techniques, such as modified microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), molecular beam mass spectroscopy and v...

In this study, a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant copolymer of spirocyclic pentaerythritol di(phosphate monochloride) and bisphenol S (SPD-BS) was successfully synthesized and used as a flame retardant in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resins. The chemical structure of the SPD-BS was characterized using FT-IR and H NMR spectra. The thermal properties were investigated ...

it is suggested that cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with regulated growth and development would be able to produce higher yields under water-limited conditions, which is crucial in future food production. water use efficiency (wue) is worthy of exploration in this regard. in this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 40 and 80 kg nha-1) and a plant growth retardant (ch...

in a completely randomized design, the effect of the extract from trifolium alexandrium (0, 0.2 and 0.4%) on the germination, some morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrients uptake of prosopis cineraria was evaluated. the highest germination rate and percentage (9.16 and 21%, respectively) were recorded in the 0.2% treatment. the maximum and minimum lengths of radicle...

Concern has mounted over health effects caused by exposure to flame retardant additives used in consumer products. Significant research efforts have focused particularly on exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used in furniture and electronic applications. However, little attention has focused on applications in textiles, particularly textiles meeting a flammability standard known...