Flooding induces low-oxygen stress, which reduces plant growth. The activity of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt is crucial for stress adaptation, in it acts by changing cytosolic pH, limiting reactive oxygen species production, regulating nitrogen metabolism, and bypassing steps tricarboxylic cycle. GABA accumulates under osmotic as well flooding stress. To clarify dynamic roles accumulati...

BACKGROUND Comprehensive smoke-free laws are effective at protecting non-smokers and reducing tobacco use, yet they are not widely adopted by tribal governments. METHODS A series of smoke-free policy initiatives on the Navajo Nation, beginning in 2008, were reviewed to identify key issues, successes and setbacks. RESULTS It has been essential that proposed policies acknowledge the Navajo pe...

Wheat straw smoke aerosols and liquid smoke condensates reduced significantly both the viability and the ice-nucleating activity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Erwinia herbicola in vitro and on leaf surfaces in vivo. Highly significant reductions in numbers of bacterial ice nuclei on the surface of both corn and almond were observed after exposure to smoke aerosols. At -5°C, frost inj...

leishmaniasis is a neglected public health problem caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus leishmania affecting mostly the poor populations of developing countries. the causative organism is transmitted by female sandflies. cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral clinical manifestations are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis. chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavale...

anti-androgens are an assorted group of drugs and compounds that reduce the levels or activity of androgen hormones within the human body. disease states in which this is relevant include polycystic ovarian syndrome, hirsutism, acne, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and endocrine related cancers such as carcinoma of the prostate. we provide an overview and discussion of the use of anti-androgen me...

BACKGROUND Karrikins are smoke-derived compounds that provide strong chemical cues to stimulate seed germination and seedling growth. The recent discovery in Arabidopsis that the karrikin perception system may be present throughout angiosperms implies a fundamental plant function. Here, we identify the most potent karrikin, karrikinolide (KAR1), in biochars and determine its role in species uni...

Despite the recent advances in smoke detection from video, detection of smoke from single images is still a challenging problem with both practical and theoretical implications. However, there is hardly any reported research on this topic in the literature. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a novel feature to detect smoke in a single image. An image formation model that expresses a...

The present study examines the effects of water soluble extracts of gas-phase cigarette smoke on intracellular transglutaminase activities of intact, murine, bone marrow-derived macrophages maintained in culture. Western blotting of cell lysates utilizing noncross-reactive antisera indicate that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages contain both tissue-type transglutaminase and factor XIII-asso...

Recent studies have suggested that macrophage-derived metalloproteases are the critical mediators of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, in contrast to earlier hypotheses that this process was mediated by neutrophil elastase. To determine whether smoke can acutely induce connective tissue breakdown in the lung and to examine the mediators of this process, we exposed C57-BL/6 mice to whole cigare...