Human’s ability to perceive elevation of a sound and distinguish whether a sound is coming from the front or rear strongly depends on the monaural spectral features of the pinnae. In order to realize an effective virtual auditory display by HRTF (head-related transfer function) customization, the pinna responses were isolated from the median HRIRs (head-related impulse responses) of 45 individu...

External ear abnormalities are frequent in newborns ranging from microtia to partial auricle duplication. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating external ear morphogenesis. In humans, HOXA2 partial loss of function induces a bilateral microtia associated with an abnormal shape of the auricle. In mice, Hoxa2 inactivation at early gestational stages results in external audit...

This paper presents new definitions for obtaining reproducible results in numerical phone dosimetry. Numerous numerical dosimetric studies have been published about the exposure of mobile phone users which concluded with conflicting results. However, many of these studies lack reproducibility due to shortcomings in the description of the phone positioning. The new approach was tested by two gro...

abstract regeneration is a biological phenomenon, which takes place via two main mechanisms: first, dedifferentiation of mature cells followed by their differentiation into functional new cells and second, activation of endogenous somatic stem cells for regeneration of damaged or lost tissues. one of the best examples of healing process in mammals is the regeneration of damaged pinna in rabbits...

Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) concentration were determined in the marine bivalve Pinna nobilis along the Balearic Islands, comparing a protected area with two sites with strong anthropogenic influence. Analyses of Cabrera and Mallorca indicated that heavy metal concentration were generally higher in the most of samples, specially in Santa Maria bay (Cabrera, MPA), and Magaluf (Mallorca,...

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the temporal bone is an uncommon entity accounting for fewer than 0.2% of all tumors of the head and neck and is associated with a poor outcome. Temporal bone carcinoma includes cancers arising from pinna that spreads to the temporal bone , primary tumors of the external auditory canal (EAC), middle ear, mastoid, petrous apex and metastatic lesions to the temporal bon...

We describe the first single microphone sound localization system and its inspiration from theories of human monaural sound localization. Reflections and diffractions caused by the external ear (pinna) allow humans to estimate sound source elevations using only one ear. Our single microphone localization model relies on a specially shaped reflecting structure that serves the role of the pinna. ...