Nowadays, about 12% of the European and 20% of the US population are tattooed. Rising concerns regarding consumer safety, led to legal restrictions on tattoo inks and permanent make-up (PMU) inks. Restrictions also include bans on certain hazardous colourants. Both ink types use organic pigments for colour-giving, plus inorganic pigments for white and black and colour tones. Pigments are only s...

Nowadays, about 12% of the European and 20% of the US population are tattooed. Rising concerns regarding consumer safety, led to legal restrictions on tattoo inks and permanent make-up (PMU) inks. Restrictions also include bans on certain hazardous colourants. Both ink types use organic pigments for colour-giving, plus inorganic pigments for white and black and colour tones. Pigments are only s...

The color stability of a series of eleven maxillofacial pigments was determined after accelerated aging using reflection spectrophotometry. The results indicate that seven of the pigments demonstrated good to excellent color stability, while four of the pigments were less promising for clinical use.

Mammalian color vision is mediated by light-sensitive pigments in retinal cone cells. Biochemical studies on native mammalian cone visual pigments are seriously hampered by their low levels and instability. We describe a novel approach for their functional expression, employing the baculovirus system in combination with histidine tagging to allow future purification and structural analysis. The...

Phytoplankton, with an estimated 30 000 to 1 000 000 species clustered in 12 phyla, presents a high taxonomic and ecophysiological diversity, reflected by the complex distribution of pigments among the different algal classes. High performance liquid chromatography is the gold standard method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton pigments in seawater and culture samples, bu...

Broiler carcass skin color is important in the USA and Mexico. Because pigments are expensive, this study evaluated the use of natural and synthetic pigments in broiler diets at commercial levels. In two trials, 280 chicks were randomly distributed (20 birds each) into seven treatments according to the pigment class (natural or synthetic) and the inclusion level (ppm of pigments) of yellow (apo...

Nowadays, about 12% of the European and 20% of the US population are tattooed. Rising concerns regarding consumer safety, led to legal restrictions on tattoo inks and permanent make-up (PMU) inks. Restrictions also include bans on certain hazardous colourants. Both ink types use organic pigments for colour-giving, plus inorganic pigments for white and black and colour tones. Pigments are only s...

Infrared microspectrometry and Raman spectroscopy have been applied for examination of multilayer fragments of paints, for criminalisctic purposes. The study showed that under the conditions used, Raman spectra in the visible range (633 nm) provided data on the pigments but gave little or no information about polymers. Infrared was found to be good for characterising the polymer but failed to p...

INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................21 PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY .............................................................................................................................23 Phylogeny ......................................................................