OBJECTIVE The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was designed to be self-completed by the patient. However, it may not be understood by all, and unrecognised problems with literacy can impair the process. The ESS has been translated into a pictorial version for use in those with normal or diminished literacy skills. METHODS An evaluation of the patients' ability to self-complete the ESS was under...

Improving Creativity through Pictorial Teaching of Farsi   B. Akbari Mobaarakeh* Z. Abaazari, Ph.D.** N. Rahmati*** Z. Mirhoseini, Ph.D.****   To show that pictorial teaching of Farsi can improve creativity, a cluster sample of 320 female 6th graders was divided into two groups one of which was taught Farsi using the pictorial approach for a semester. The two groups’ crea...

BACKGROUND Pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packaging have been proposed for the U.S., but their potential influences among populations that suffer tobacco-related health disparities are unknown. PURPOSE To evaluate pictorial health warning labels, including moderation of their influences by health literacy and race. METHODS From July 2011 to January 2012, field experiments were...

OBJECTIVE To inform international research and policy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature on pictorial cigarette pack warnings. DATA SOURCES We systematically searched 7 computerised databases in April 2013 using several search terms. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION We included studies that used an experimental protocol to test...

PURPOSE The effects of pictorial aids in medication instructions on medication recall, comprehension, and adherence are reviewed. SUMMARY Many patients depend on medication labels and patient information leaflets for pertinent drug information, but these materials are often difficult for patients to understand. Research in psychology and marketing indicates that humans have a cognitive prefer...

Pictures are patterned, 2D surfaces designed to elicit 3Dscenerepresenting experiences from their viewers. In this essay, I argue that philosophers have tended to underestimate the relevance of research in vision science to understanding the nature of pictorial experience. Both the deeply entrenched methodology of virtual psychophysics as well as empirical studies of pictorial space perception ...

BACKGROUND In India, 800,000-900,000 people will die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. The government of India has taken several measures, including legislation to control tobacco intake. Display of pictorial warnings on tobacco products was one of the legislative measures taken under The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) enacted in 2003, intended to discourage t...

Pictorial relief depends strongly on “cues” in the image. For isoluminant renderings some cues are missing, namely all information that is related to luminance contrast (e.g., shading, atmospheric perspective). It has been suggested that spatial discrimination and especially pictorial space suffer badly in isoluminant conditions. We have investigated the issue through quantitative measurement o...