introduction: melanin pigmentation in the oral mucosa occurs as a result of several reasons one of which is smoking. cigarette smoke induces numerous side effects in the people who do not smoke, but are in the same environment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of parental smoking on pigmentation of their children's oral mucosa. materials and methods: this study was carried out as ...

anesthesiology is one of the most important creations of the modern science, basically based on the anesthetic drugs; however, there are a few concerns regarding the effects of the anesthetic drugs. would there be any progress in the current trend of anesthesiology, both clinically and basically. there would be a possibility to use the physiologic mechanisms of sleep to be incorporated into cli...

Homeobox genes are a family of transcription factors with a highly conserved DNA-binding domain that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration in many cell types in diverse organisms. These properties are responsible for their critical roles in regulating pattern formation and organogenesis during embryogenesis. The cardiovascular system undergoes extensive remodeling during e...

Pregnancy induces marked changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems that are essential for meeting the increased metabolic demands of the mother and fetus. Important respiratory system changes occur in the upper airway, chest wall, static lung volumes, and ventilation and gas exchange. Marked cardiovascular changes also occur during pregnancy including increased plasma volume, increa...

Pregnancy induces significant physiologic stresses on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems that may precipitate respiratory compromise. In addition, certain disease states that are unique to the pregnant woman, such as amniotic fluid emboli syndrome, may be associated with respiratory failure. The physiologic changes that affect the pregnant woman are reviewed. Pregnancy-related conditions ...

Sodium and potassium are essential for human health. They are important ions in the body and are associated with many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The chapter summarizes the basic physiologic actions of sodium and potassium on membranes of the neurologic and muscular systems. It provides information regarding the kinetics, i.e., absorption, distribution, and excretion of these io...

The core apparatus that regulates circadian rhythm has been extensively studied over the past five years. A looming question remains, however, regarding how this apparatus is adjusted to maintain coordination between physiology and the changing environment. The diversity of stimuli and input pathways that gain access to the circadian clock are summarized. Cellular metabolic states could serve t...

The goals in management of critically ill obstetric patients involve intensive monitoring and physiologic support for patients with life-threatening but potentially reversible conditions. Management principles of the mother should also take the fetus and gestational age into consideration. The most common reasons for intensive care admissions (ICU) in the United States and United Kingdom are hy...

To elucidate whether the role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine and immune function during short-term starvation in healthy humans is permissive, i.e., occurs only when circulating leptin levels are below a critical threshold level, we studied seven normal-weight women during a normoleptinemic-fed state and two states of relative hypoleptinemia induced by 72-h fasting during which we admin...