Michael J. Pook*, James S. Risbey, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Peter R. Briggs and Timothy J. Cohen 1 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia 2 Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 3 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra,...

We present calculations of the Cosmic X-ray background (CXB) reflection by the Earth atmosphere in the 1-1000 keV range and compare it with the reflection by the Moon and the Sun. The calculations use realistic chemical composition of the Earth atmosphere and include all relevant physical processes. An analytic approximation to the Earth X-ray albedo is provided, which should be accurate down t...

High resolution images at different wavelengths show the common presence of structures and microstructures in planetary nebulae (PNe), which are not well incorporated to the existing models for the formation of these objects. We summarize how studies of the internal kinematics, combined with the information provided by high resolution images, may help to establish the nature and possible origin...

You can simulate the atmosphere’s activities, climate modeling, by programming approximate solutions to the physical laws that govern it. An atmospheric model usually has two parts: a dynamical core that solves a set of partial differential equations for an idealized atmosphere and a set of physical parameterizations that provides realistic forcing (such as precipitation, surface friction, and ...

The adjustment of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to reductions in emissions depends on the chemical and physical processes that remove each gas from the atmosphere. Concentrations of some greenhouse gases decrease almost immediately in response to emission reduction, while others can actually continue to increase for centuries even with reduced emissions. The concentration of a...

saffron is the most important iranian non oil export. improper conditions of saffron flower storage increases microbial contamination and decreases saffron quality. this study was done for prolonging the shelf life of saffron flower in modified atmosphere packaging and subsequent to producing a new method for exporting the fresh saffron flower as cut flower. saffron flowers were packed in a pol...

introduction: educational environment is an important determinant of students’ behavior and its elements are associated with academic achievement and course satisfaction. the aim of this study was to determine students’expectations of the ideal educational environment. methods: this was a qualitative study with content analysis approach. using a theoretical sampling method, we selected eight st...

BACKGROUND It remains unknown whether and when the hosting of mega-sport events increases quality of life of host city residents. The aim of this study is to assess the changes in quality of life of host city residents over the course of hosting a mega-sport event until three months after the event, depending on residents' perception of the atmosphere during the event. METHODS The study was c...

Ultra-high power (exceeding the self-focusing threshold by more than three orders of magnitude) light beams from ground-based laser systems may find applications in space-debris cleaning. The propagation of such powerful laser beams through the atmosphere reveals many novel interesting features compared to traditional light self-focusing. It is demonstrated here that for the relevant laser para...