Objective: It is well-known that all living cells emit ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), which is due to byproducts of chemical reactions in cell metabolisms. It has been shown that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the cells enhances the UPE intensity. The magnitude of such UPE is extremely weak (i.e. a few to 103 photons/ (sec.cm2)), and the detection of such ultra-weak signals is hardly possi...

Introduction: Substantive amount of work has been done in modeling and analyzing the scintillation camera system processes including positioning and image formation. The goal of this work is to develop a framework for analyzing performance of nonlinear positioning methods upon construction of a mathematical model of the system. In this study, the photodetector array counts are ...

In this study, we evaluate and compare the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs, also known as silicon photomultiphers - SiPMs) with that a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) when testing using CsI(Tl) scintillators. We use charge comparison method, whereby discriminate different types particles by ratio charges integrated within two time-gates (the ...

The light gains of a detector system (PMT and scintillator) is characterized by the number photoelectrons produced per unit energy (usually MeV). In this study, results gain tests for 10 Hamamatsu R11833 model photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are shown. Various radioactive sources were used in conjunction with EJ309 liquid scintillator to determine gain. was determined comparing size signal generate...

Step and terrace structure has been observed in an area of 1 mm 1 mm on the cleaved surface of KCl–KBr solid-solution single crystal by scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) with a small sphere probe of 500 nm diameter. Lateral spatial resolution of the SNOM system was estimated to be 20 nm from the observation of step width and the scanning-step interval. Vertical spatial resolution wa...

BGO is expected to be plausible devices for soft gamma-ray detectors, because of a high detection efficiency for soft gamma-rays. Here we report on the good performance of BGO readout with PIN-photodiode or avalanche photodiode as a soft gamma-ray detector. We confirmed that the signal output of BGO becomes comparable to that of GSO when it is readout with photodiodes due to better matching bet...

The VSiPMT (Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube) is an innovative design we proposed for a revolutionary photon detector. The main idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with a SiPM (G-APD), the latter acting as an electron detector and amplifier. The aim is to match the large sensitive area of a photocathode with the performance of the SiPM technology. The VSiPMT has many attra...

In this study, we present the large photomultiplier tube (PMT) afterpulse measurement results obtained from Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory (JUNO) experiment. A total of 11 dynode-PMTs (R12860) Hamamatsu company (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK)) and 150 micro-channel plate PMTs (MCP-PMTs, GDB-6201) NNVT (North Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd. (NNVT)) were tested. Subsequently, an mode...

As part of a program to develop mobile robots for reactor environments, we are developing a radiation-imaging camera capable of operating in medium-intensity ( < 2 R/h), medium-energy ( < 8 MeV) gamma-ray fields . A systematic study of available detectors indicated the advisability of a high-Z scintillator. The raster-scanning camera uses a lead-shielded bismuth germanate (BGO) scmtillator (1 ....

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory detects GeV-to-PeV+ neutrinos via the Cherenkov light produced by secondary charged particles from neutrino interactions with South Pole ice. detector consists of over 5000 spherical Digital Optical Modules (DOM), each deployed a single downward-facing photomultiplier tube (PMT) and arrayed across 86 strings cubic-kilometer. has measured astrophysical flux, sear...