Previous working memory studies using auditory stimuli at both encoding and retrieval show amplitude decreases in event-related potentials (N100 and late positive wave, LPW) at retrieval as a function of memory load. This study tested if these effects are associated with phonological or semantic coding by presenting visual stimuli at encoding and auditory stimuli at retrieval. We hypothesized t...

Models of verbal working memory that incorporate active memory maintenance, long-term memory networks, and attention control have been developed. Current studies suggest that semantic representations of words, evoked via long-term memory networks, are actively maintained until they are needed to fulfill a role. In other words, it is possible that some mechanism actively refreshes semantic repre...

The present thesis investigated cognitive ability in children with severe to profound hearing impairment who have received cochlear implants (CIs). The auditory stimulation from a cochlear implant early in life influences most cognitive functions as a consequence of the plasticity of the brain in the young child. It is important to understand the cognitive consequences of auditory stimulation f...

This study investigated the cognitive abilities needed to succeed at incidental word learning, specifically by examining the role of phonological memory and phonological sensitivity in novel word learning by 4-year-olds who were typically developing. Forty 4-year-olds were administered a test of nonword repetition (to investigate phonological memory), rhyming and phoneme alliteration tasks (to ...

This study aims to investigate working, declarative, and procedural memory in children with (central) auditory processing disorder who showed poor phonological awareness. Thirty 9- and 10-year-old children participated in the study and were distributed into two groups: a control group consisting of 15 children with typical development, and an experimental group consisting of 15 children with (c...

Although phonological representations have been a primary focus of verbal working memory research, lexical-semantic manipulations also influence performance. In the present study, the authors investigated whether a classic phenomenon in verbal working memory, the phonological similarity effect (PSE), is modulated by a lexical-semantic variable, word concreteness. Phonological overlap and concre...

The phonological memory skills of a group of children with disordered language development were compared with those of two control groups, one group matched on verbal abilities and the other matched on nonverbal intelligence. The language-disordered children were poorer at repeating single nonwords and recalling word lists than even the younger children of matched verbal abilities. The language...

Ten cerebral palsied adolescents and young adults with complex communicative needs who use augmentative and alternative communication were studied. They were classified according to their high versus low working memory capacity and according to their high versus low phonological skills into two groups of participants. These groups were compared on their performance in reading tests –an orthogra...

Two recent PET scanning studies have revealed the anatomical basis of the verbal and visual subsystems of working memory. The term 'working memory' refers to the system responsible for the temporary maintenance of information~nec-essary for performing such cognitive tasks as reasoning, understanding and learning. Evidence from a range of studies based on the functioning of working memory in nor...

We develop a model for the stability and maintenance of phonological categories. Examples of phonological categories are vowel sounds such as i and e. We model such categories as consisting of collections of labeled exemplars that language users store in their memory. Each exemplar is a detailed memory of an instance of the linguistic entity in question. Starting from an exemplar-level model we...