Although the basis for deductive reasoning has been a traditional focus of philosophical discussion, the neural correlates and mechanisms that underlie deductive reasoning have only recently become the focus of scientific investigation. In syllogistic deductive reasoning information presented in two related sequential premises leads to a subsequent conclusion. While previous imaging studies hav...

In this chapter we will deal with “mechanizing” induction, i.e. with ways in which theoretical computer science approaches inductive generalization. In the field of Machine Learning, algorithms for induction are developed. Depending on the form of the available data, the nature of these algorithms may be very different. Some of them combine geometric and statistical ideas, while others use clas...

The notions of meta-ontology enhance the ability to process knowledge in information systems; in particular, ontological property classification deals with the kinds of properties in taxonomic knowledge based on a philosophical analysis. The goal of this paper is to devise a reasoning mechanism to check the ontological and logical consistency of knowledge bases, which is important for reasoning...

To date, robotics has had limited success at operating in unstructured environments. Part of the problem is the lack of commonsense reasoning. One area of commonsense reasoning is Naive Physics, the practice of using intuitive rules to reason about the physical environment. Researchers have explored relevant philosophical issues, attempted to develop logical formalisations, and developed system...

This article presents an operationalized solution to the mind-body problem which relies on rigorously defined theoretical reasoning rather than philosophical argument. We identify a specific operation which is a necessary property of all healthy human conscious individuals -specifically the operation of self-certainty, or the capacity of healthy conscious humans to "know" with certainty that th...

We examine the possibility of applying knowledge representation and automated reasoning in the context of philosophical ontology. For this purpose, we use the axioms and propositions in the first book of Spinoza’s Ethics as knowledge base and a tableau-based satisfiability tester as reasoner. We are able to reconstruct most of Spinoza’s system with formal logic, but this requires additional axi...

In this paper, the Carneades argumentation system is extended to represent a procedural view of inquiry in which evidence is marshalled to support or defeat claims to knowledge. The model is a sequence of moves in a collaborative group inquiry in which parties take turns making assertions about what is known or not known, putting forward evidence to support them, and subjecting these moves to c...

Given the role philosophical mentality can fulfill in bringing individuals the essential skills of wisdom and well thinking, the present paper, by applying Smith’s (2007) theoretical framework, strived to explore the extent philosophic-mindedness exists among the participants. Considering the fact that, a philosophic mind begets philosophical answers, the participants’ philosophical thi...

Epistemic modals are a prominent topic in the literature on natural language semantics, with wide-ranging implications for issues in philosophy of language and philosophical logic. Considerations about the role that epistemic might and must play in discourse and reasoning have led to the development of several important alternatives to classical possible worlds semantics for natural language mo...