A major problem for all metaphysical systems and their corresponding epistemologies, including methods, mediations, and pretensions at being certain, inextricably presume the issues of reliability and validity. For the perspectival modern mentality reliability and validity, or intersubjective agreement among experts, constitutes objective knowledge. Scientific discourse, which is the most power...

Proverbs as a part of colloquial literature are always nourished by religion, culture, traditions, and philosophical beliefs of a community, and thus they mirror the common beliefs of a people. The frequent repletion of a proverb pregnant with a specific thought makes that type of thought a behavioral pattern and affects the actions and behaviors of the people of a society. In the Iranian socie...