Abstract I provide an analysis of sentences the form ‘To be F is to G ’ in terms exact truth-maker semantics—an approach that identifies meanings with states world directly responsible for their truth-values. Roughly, argue these hold just case which makes something also it . This hyperintensional and possesses desirable logical modal features. In particular, are reflexive, transitive, symmetri...

This paper analyzes the essence of philosophical foundations legal language as it is used in certain theories philosophy. The purpose to provide a full study theory determine its place modern thought. methods history philosophy, especially method rational reconstruction, and based on interpretation classical texts (W. Waismann, J. L. Austin, H. Kelsen, Hart). main result justification that unit...