this is a brief overview of the history of formal introduction of the art and science of education into the sphere of medical education in shiraz. before this introduction medical education was, and in the majority of other institutions world-wide still is, a simple transfer of knowledge from teacher to student. the students accepted their passive role because this was how they had been taught ...

background several empirical studies have shown the attitude of smokers to formulate judgments based on distortion in the risk perception. this alteration is produced by the activation of the optimistic bias characterized by a set of the unrealistic beliefs compared to the outcomes of their behavior. this bias exposes individuals to adopt lifestyles potentially dangerous for their health, under...

the study of internal structure and functions of pronouns across languages can be useful for typological, theoretical as well as descriptive studies. personal pronouns in iranian languages and dialects have been investigated in the present study. the study has indicated that the pronouns are in clitic as well as free morphemes. the study also indicated that the languages and dialects benefit fr...