Disinformation emphasizing radical populist narratives may threaten democratic values. Although extant literature has pointed to a strong affinity between disinformation and the right, we know little about effects of such deceptive information. Against this backdrop, article relies on an experiment in Netherlands (<em>N</em> = 456) which participants were exposed right-wing versus d...

The Front National is the prime example of anti-systemic and populist party in France. But 2000s, La France Insoumise on far left also developed a rhetoric that could fall into this category yet without sharing ideology far-right party. Reinvestigating previous studies, we may ask if concept make sense to understand populism France? Thus following systemic field analysis, study variations disco...

A population’s level of terrorism depends on two factors: people’s preferences (would they like creating damage?) and the constraints under which people act (what damage could they create, and at what punishment?). Causerelated policies, e.g. improving social stability or education, aim at appeasing preferences, thereby reducing terrorism. Symptom-related policies, e.g. embargoes or wars, chang...

dara' rule changes in islamic penal code with the modern penology teachings approach keyvan heidar nejad [1] fatemeh ahadi [2] seyyed abulfazl mirjafar pour [3]   abstract:                        dara' is one of the rules that is derived from figh. the rule indicates that by proving doubt or hesitancy at the time of committing crime, the offence cannot be proved. in the former penal c...

L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has become popular as a teaching tool in economics. It has been argued that it was written as an allegory of Populist demands for a bimetallic monetary system in the late 19th century. The author argues that Baum was not sympathetic to Populist views and did not write the story as a monetary allegory.

We study the robustness of equilibria with regards to small payoff perturbations of the dynamic game. We find that complete penal codes, that specify player’s strategies after every history, can have at best limited robustness and may even fail to exist for some games. We define incomplete penal codes as partial descriptions of equilibrium strategies. We construct incomplete penal codes that ar...