background: stroke, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, is of great importance in young adults (15-45 years), amongst whom the causes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (tia) are different from those in older ages and a significant portion of them have no known etiology. patent foramen ovale (pfo) is considered a probable cause in this group. methods: ...

background: closure of patent ductus arteriosus (pda), ventricular septal defect (vsd) and atrial septal defect (asd) can be done surgically or by device. this study was designed to compare the total cost of surgical or device closures of pda, asd or vsd for iranian patients. methods: this is a cross-sectional study, conducted from january 1, 2005 until january 1, 2006 in two large heart center...

Patent infringement suit claims of inequitable conduct before the Patent Office and claims of patent misuse are staple affirmative defenses in patent practice. Defendants' frequent invocation of the inequitable conduct and patent misuse doctrines causes patentee-plaintiffs to consider the possibility that a court will find the patent unenforceable in accord with those doctrines. The authors of ...

Many methods have been developed to recognize those progresses of technologies, and one of them is to analyze patent information. And visualization methods are considered to be proper for representing patent information and its analysis results. However, current visualization methods for patent analysis patent maps have some drawbacks. Therefore, we propose an alternative visualization method i...

Motivation Motivation l / • Systematic evaluation in NLP / IR is crucial – Large Test Collections are needed • We have produced test collections for p patent retrieval at NTCIR since 2001 – What is the next task for patent What is the next task for patent information? 2 History of Patent IR at NTCIR y • NTCIR-3 (2001-2002) T h l 2 years of JPO patent li ti * – Technology survey • Applied conven...

Abstract This paper builds a patent-based knowledge graph, patent-KG, to represent the facts in patents for engineering design. The arising patent-KG approach proposes new unsupervised mechanism extract patent, by searching attention graph language models. extracted entities are compared with other benchmarks criteria of recall rate. result reaches highest 0.8 rate standard list mechanical rela...

For NTCIR Workshop 7 UC Berkeley participated in both IR4QA and the Patent Mining Tasks. This paper summarizes our approach to Patent Mining. Our focus was upon the US Patent collection, and our methodology was to treat patent mining as an information retrieval task and to aggregate multiple patent classifications from retrieved patent documents. The performance was relatively poor, possibly be...

-Patent is one kind of the intellectual property, and the nature of patent institution is to accelerate the speed of innovation and invention. It is likely to the patent of computer software. But the opinion voiced by exponents of open source and free software is extremely opposed to patenting computer software. They are concerned the software patent acts as a barrier to technology improvement....

This study investigates whether patent subsidy programs to promote regional innovations have generated a large volume of low-quality applications in China, resulting in biased patent statistics as an indicator for innovations. We find that subsidies on patent filing fees encouraged the filing of low-quality patents, resulting in a decreased grant rate. Although grant-contingent rewards increase...

We study how fragmentation of patent rights (‘patent thickets’) and the formation of the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) affected the duration of patent disputes, and thus the speed of technology diffusion through licensing. We develop a model of patent litigation which predicts faster settlement agreements when patent rights are fragmented and when there is less uncertainty abou...