Politicians perceive their representative role in a variety of ways: as delegate party, voters, or trustee who exercises mandate independent any external principal. Existing research finds that the tendency to adopt specific style representation depends on system-level institutions and individuals’ political experience profile. The influence party organisational context remains little-understoo...

knowing of formation of a legal rule is an efficient way to recognizing and assessing of that rule. anticipatory breach doctrine became apparent in common law when the court in hochster versus de la tour case (1980), hold that a party could breach an executor contract prior to the performance date and injured party entitle to sue at once. before it, courts had made a negative answer to this mat...

this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...