Parkinson`s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer`s disease. It is a chronic and progressive disease, and mostly afflicts elderlies. PD starts with sudden onsets and the exact cause of the disease is still unknown, however there are some early symptoms that can help us to diagnose the disease and ameliorate its effects. PD is a multi-factorial disease...

parkinson`s disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after alzheimer`s disease. it is a chronic and progressive disease, and mostly afflicts elderlies. pd starts with sudden onsets and the exact cause of the disease is still unknown, however there are some early symptoms that can help us to diagnose the disease and ameliorate its effects. pd is a multi-factorial disease...

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Microglial activation is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinsons' disease, prion disease, multiple sclerosis, and ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The molecular mechanism of microglial activation is largely unknown. The expression of the purinergic, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), is known to be enhanced in many brain pathologies wh...

background: free radical formation and oxidative stress might play an important role in the pathogenesis of parkinson's disease (pd). in vitro data indicate that neuromelanin (nm) pigment is formed the excess cytosolic catecholamine that is not accumulated into synaptic vesicles via the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2). we designed this study to investigate the neuroprotective eff...

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the extrapyramidal motor system. The formations midbrain are affected and expressed in 1. Tremor, 2. Hypokinesia, 3. Muscle rigidity, 4. Postural instability. Alzheimer's (AD) progressive form senile dementia, leading to complete loss cognitive abilities, developing mainly after 60-65 years age. With these diseases, large number brain structur...

 Background: One third of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have mentioned “dysphonia” as their most debilitating communication deficit. Patient-based measurements, such as Voice Handicap Index (VHI) add necessary supplementary information to clinical and physiological assessment. There are a few studies about relation between VHI and disease severity in PD, although none of them showed an...

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is caused by a dopamine deficiency state in the fore brain area. Dopamine receptor agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are known to have antiparkinson effect. Levodopa, a dopamine structural analog, is the best currently available medication for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. Unfortunately, it also induces side ef...