Solitary magnetic structures known as SLAMS (short large-amplitude structures) have been considered essential elements of collisionless shocks with quasi-parallel geometries. Yet the physics underlying their formation remains an open question. In this paper, we use measurements from magnetospheric multiscale mission combined fully kinetic simulations to study SLAMS. We find that gyro-resonance ...

The parallel systems are special important types of coherent structures and have many applications in various areas.In this paper we consider a two-exchangeable-component parallel system for the Generalized Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern (Generalized FGM) distribution. We study the reliability properties of the residual lifetime of the system under the condition that both components of the system ar...