Massive activation of dopamine neurons is critical for natural reward and drug abuse. In contrast, the significance of their spontaneous activity remains elusive. In Drosophila melanogaster, depolarization of the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster dopamine neurons en masse signals reward to the mushroom body (MB) and drives appetitive memory. Focusing on the functional heterogeneity of...

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers unprecedented sensitivity to optical absorption and opens a new window to study biological systems at multiple length- and timescales. In particular, optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM) has pushed the technical envelope to submicron length scales and millisecond timescales. Here, we review the state of the art of OR-PAM in biophysical research. With properly ch...

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a typically fatal, free-living amebic infection of the central nervous system (CNS), is caused by the thermophilic, freshwater protozoan, Naegleria fowleri. More than 145 cases of PAM have been reported worldwide, with most reported cases in the United States (US). Since annual PAM case clusters in the US and worldwide have demonstrated recent increases...

Awake adult rats were given a solution of [9,10-3H]palmitate ([3H]PAM) by gavage. The appearance of radiolabel in plasma lipid fractions was monitored by thin-layer chromatography at fixed intervals thereafter. At 2 h, the rats were killed by microwave irradiation and radioactivity in whole brain and individual brain phospholipids was determined. In plasma, esterified [3H]PAM was mainly associa...

The interactions among neutral polymer polyacrylamide (PAM) and the biosurfactant Surfactin and four betaines, N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (SDDAB), N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (STDAB), N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (SHDAB), and N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-ammonio-acetate (C12BE), in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) have been...

We explored the effect of copper availability on the synthesis and trafficking of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an essential cuproenzyme whose catalytic domains function in the lumen of peptide-containing secretory granules. Corticotrope tumor cell lines expressing integral membrane and soluble forms of PAM were depleted of copper using bathocuproinedisulfonic acid or loa...

Locally oriented tissue engineering scaffolds can provoke cellular orientation and direct cell spread and migration, offering an exciting potential way for the regeneration of the complex tissue. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffolds with locally oriented hydrophilic polyacrylamide (PAM) inside the macropores of the scaffolds were achieved through UV graft polymerization...

Most P losses from surface-irrigated fields occur via runoff, are associated with eroded sediment, and can be minimized by eliminating irrigation-induced erosion. A convenient new practice that eliminates furrow irrigation-induced soil losses uses a high molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) applied to initial irrigation inflows. We hypothesized that, compared to control furrows, PAM t...

traffic events account for about 1,200,000 deaths and more than 50 million injuries annually across the world. research shows that male drivers make up the majority of those who sustain injuries in car accidents. the present research aims to compare psychological factors affecting driving-related crashes of male and female drivers. accordingly, the sample data is collected from 208 crash-involv...