Non-parametric paired analyses are approached through the same logic as the parametric paired t-tests: a 2 sample paired analysis can be reduced to a 1 sample test by creating a single distribution of the differences between each pair. If the distribution of the differences are nonnormal, and cannot be normalized by transforming the data to some other ratio scale, a 1 sample non-parametric test...

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil pretest dan posttest kemampuan membaca peserta didik, serta motivasi belajar didik menggunakan pendekatan Whole Language komunikatif. Metode yang digunakan kuasi eksperimen dengan analisis data uji paired sample t-test independent t-test. Hasil menyatakan bahwa penggunaan pembelajaran lebih efektif dibanding komunikatif terhadap di...

abstract  introduction: diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic and endocrine disease. depressed heart rate variability (hrv) is an early warning sign of diabetic neuropathy. in numerous studies, spironolactone improved hrv and decreased mortality in congestive heart failure (chf). this study was performed to assess the effect of spironolactone on hrv in diabetic patients. methods: this ...

Background: Caries experience, oral hygiene status, and salivary sCD14 level are three essential factors to analyse individual dental caries development risk. Therefore, regular effective instruction (OHI) is for prevention. Objective: This study aims the differences in levels before after OHI. Methods: An observational with intervention was conducted on 40 samples of each group taken an accide...

In order to circumvent the influence of correlation in paired-samples and repeated measures experimental designs, researchers typically perform a one-sample Student t test on difference scores. That procedure entails some loss of power, because it employs N – 1 degrees of freedom instead of the 2N – 2 degrees of freedom of the independent-samples t test. In the case of non-normal distributions,...

We appreciate the thoughtful comments by Sperandei (1) on our article (2). Following are the requested clarifications. Sperandei’s first question was on how we could use paired t test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test for analyzing unpaired variables between two groups even though these tests are designed for paired variables. We would like to respond that we had used paired t test to see the c...

OBJECTIVE To provide a practical guidance for the analysis of N-of-1 trials by comparing four commonly used models. METHODS The four models, paired t-test, mixed effects model of difference, mixed effects model and meta-analysis of summary data were compared using a simulation study. The assumed 3-cycles and 4-cycles N-of-1 trials were set with sample sizes of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 respectiv...

CONTEXT One of the main difficulties in adequately treating the pain of neonatal patients is the scarcity of validated pain evaluation methods for this population. OBJECTIVE To analyze the reliability of two behavioral pain scales in neonates. TYPE OF STUDY Cross-sectional. SETTING University hospital neonatal intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS 22 preterm neonates were studied, with gest...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the physiological effects of music therapy on hospitalized preterm newborns. METHODS A noncontrolled clinical trial including 12 newborn infants with gestational age <36 weeks, spontaneously breathing. The preterm infants were submitted to 15-minute sessions of classical music therapy twice a day (morning and afternoon) for three consecutive days. The variables: heart an...

This study aims to describe the impact of online mentoring activities in implementing RADEC (Read, Answer, Discuss, Explain, and Create) learning model on competence elementary school teachers training students’ critical thinking skills. The method was a pre-experiment with one-group pretest-posttest design involving 25 Indonesia. received model. research instrument questionnaire measure teache...