Primary care attitudes affecting the use of strong opioids in pain management have changed considerably in the last 3 decades. Forces that have shaped current attitudes and trends in opioid prescribing include historical influences, regulatory factors, and technologic and scientific advances. The article identifies for primary care physicians the current challenges and issues surrounding the us...

Approximate ab initio molecular orbital methods are used to examine the structural and electronic properties of oxymorphone. The most stable conformation of the molecule is found to include an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the C-14 hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom in agreement with available experimental data. The total molecular electron density is transformed to a set of localized ...

This review describes the beneficial effects of the use of epidural drugs for pre-emptive analgesia, intraoperative analgesia with an inhalant-sparing effect, and prolonged postoperative analgesia. Epidural morphine oxymorphone, or hydromorphone is recommended for use in small animals in combination with a local anesthetic of appropriate duration for procedures involving the hind end, although ...

gesic effect after oxycodone administration based on published information on blood concentrations of oxycodone and metabolites, protein binding, blood–brain barrier behaviour (animal data), and opioid receptor affinity. Using these data, we found that oxycodone itself is responsible for 83.0% and 94.8% of the analgesic effect after p.o. and i.v. administration, respectively. In contrast, the p...