Both metabolism and excretion can be viewed as processes responsible for elimination of drug (parent and metabolite) from the body. Drug metabolism changes the chemical structure of a drug to produce a drug metabolite, which is frequently but not universally less pharmacologically active. Metabolism also renders the drug compound more water soluble and therefore more easily excreted. Drug metab...

A previous communication (2) indicated that heme-linked enzymes were not involved in the very considerable capacities of various representative microaerophilic lactobacilli for electron transport from a variety of oxidizable substrates to oxygen, but that specific flavin components were present in high concentration in each of these organisms. To determine the possible central role of flavin en...

background: leptin and its receptor are present in spermatozoa; however, the role of leptin in sperm function is still controversial. our present study aimed at demonstrating the effect of cryopreservation on sperm dna fragmentation (dnaf) and investigating the possible effects of sperm capacitation techniques and leptin in vitro incubation on frozen-thawed sperm dnaf and oxidative stress. meth...

The activities of several oxidoreductases were measured in three fermentative and two nonfermentative Mycoplasma species that were grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Acholeplasma laidlawii MG, Mycoplasma hyorhinis GDL, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae FH had very high apparent activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex compared with the activities of mammalian fi...

Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the etiology of all severe vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis. NADPH oxidases (Nox) are a class of multicomponent enzymes whose unique function is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular cells and in circulating immune cells interacting with blood vessels. Physiological production of Nox-derived ROS contributes to the...

A previous communication (2) indicated that heme-linked enzymes were not involved in the very considerable capacities of various representative microaerophilic lactobacilli for electron transport from a variety of oxidizable substrates to oxygen, but that specific flavin components were present in high concentration in each of these organisms. To determine the possible central role of flavin en...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes not only hyperglycemia but oxidative stress, resulting mainly enhanced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatments are applied various diseases including diabetic patients with unhealing foot ulcers, however, and also increases the formation of ROS. Recently, it has been reported that oxidative stress worsens many p...

Employing the technique of cell fractionation, Schneider and Hogeboom (’56) described the localization of certain oxidative enzymes. They reported that cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were found only in the mitochondrial fraction while isocitric dehydrogenase was present in the supernatant and DPN and TPN cytochrome c reductases were observed to be in both fractions. More recently...