Overlapping genes pose an evolutionary dilemma as one DNA sequence evolves under the selection pressures of multiple proteins. Here, we perform systematic statistical and mutational analyses of the overlapping HIV-1 genes tat and rev and engineer exhaustive libraries of non-overlapped viruses to perform deep mutational scanning of each gene independently. We find a "segregated" organization in ...

BACKGROUND Two overlapping genes lacL and lacM (lacLM) encoding for heterodimeric β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus reuteri were previously cloned and over-expressed in the food-grade host strain Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, using the inducible lactobacillal pSIP expression system. In this study, we analyzed different factors that affect the production of recombinant L. reuteri β-galactosida...

The genomes of most virus species have overlapping genes--two or more proteins coded for by the same nucleotide sequence. Several explanations have been proposed for the evolution of this phenomenon, and we test these by comparing the amount of gene overlap in all known virus species. We conclude that gene overlap is unlikely to have evolved as a way of compressing the genome in response to the...

We propose an algorithm for finding overlapping community structure in very large networks. The algorithm is based on the label propagation technique of Raghavan, Albert, and Kumara, but is able to detect communities that overlap. Like the original algorithm, vertices have labels that propagate between neighbouring vertices so that members of a community reach a consensus on their community mem...

Community detection in complex networks is a fundamental data analysis task in various domains, and how to effectively find overlapping communities in real applications is still a challenge. In this work, we propose a new unified model and method for finding the best overlapping communities on the basis of the associated node and link partitions derived from the same framework. Specifically, we...

PURPOSE To review the methodologies used to assess muscle co-contraction (MCo) with surface electromyography (sEMG) during gait in people with neurological impairment. METHODS The Scopus (1995-2013), Web of Science (1970-2013), PubMed (1948-2013) and B-on (1999-2013) databases were searched. Articles were included when sEMG was used to assess MCo during gait in people with impairment due to c...

Context: Around the world there is increasing interest in end of life issues. An unprecedented number of people dying in future decades will put new strains on families, communities, services and governments.  It will also have implications for representations of death and dying within society and for the overall orientation of health and social care. What interventions are emerging in the face...

Political theory often relies on a definite vision of the lack of consensus, which does not necessarily exclude the possibility of some modus vivendi. It turns out however that a mere modus vivendi is widely felt to be insufficient to warrant political stability and a well-ordered society. Starting from distributive-justice issues and problems of ethical conflict in democratic society, it is ar...

in this paper, a new approach to overlapping operations in job shop scheduling is presented. in many job shops, a customer demand can be met in more than one way for each job, where demand determines the quantity of each finished job ordered by a customer. in each job, embedded operations can be performed due to overlapping considerations in which each operation may be overlapped with the other...