asking about the relation of religion and modernity has been always reflected by scholars, and answering it has formed different approaches, especially from the last parts of qajar monarchy. the intellectual approach follows originality of modernity and complete transition from tradition. in contrast, the traditional approach believes in following the tradition of predecessors and independence ...

This article explores Rawls's evolving orientation to “the tradition of political philosophy” over the course his academic career, culminating in Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001). Drawing on archival material, it argues that fascination with arose out own pedagogical engagement debate around “death 1950s. Throughout, I highlight significance teaching—beginning earliest lectures social ...

Brazil's political history had long been marked by authoritarian, techno-bureaucratic regimes in which the state dominated over civil society. A political culture based on a tradition of clientelism and patrimonial elitism meant that the management of municipal public budgets (the 'black box' as it was known) was far from transparent. All this produced a society with extreme social inequalities...

The American experimental tradition in music emphasizes a process-oriented – rather than goal-oriented – composition style. According to this tradition, the composition process is considered an experiment beginning with a problem resolved by the composer. The noted experimental composer John Cage believed that the artist’s role in composition should be one of coexistence, as opposed to the trad...

the council of areopagus as a judicial establishment monitored the proper implementation of rule of law in the polis (city-state) of athens. while, the main responsibility and duty of areopagus was to adjudicate the cases of the most serious crimes, it intervened in the political affairs as well. eventually, after long-lasting political conflicts between athenian oligarchy and democracy, this e...

Many commentators today lament the politicization of bioethics, but some suggest distinguishing among different kinds of politicization. This essay pursues that idea with reference to three traditions of political thought: liberalism, communitarianism, and republicanism. After briefly discussing the concept of politicization itself, the essay examines how each of these political traditions mani...

A number of commentators have recently identified a 'uniquely Scottish mode of thought in economics', or a particular 'Scottish political economy tradition'. In this paper the concept of tradition, defined as those features common to practitioners over a relatively long period, is investigated in relation to 'school', 'paradigm' and 'research programme'. An application of the concept to the Sco...