Methods ORF2 region of TTV genotype1 (JA20 isolate) was amplified using gene specific primers and cloned in pET19b expression vector for protein expression. Expressed protein was confirmed by western blotting using anti-His antibodies against N-terminal 6XHis tag of expressed protein. Antigenicity of ORF2 was determined by western blot, detecting anti-TTV antibodies in 50 human sera of which, 1...

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been implicated as the etiological agent of some diseases, mainly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). The capsid (Cap) protein encoded by the PCV2 ORF2 gene may be an excellent candidate for vaccination. In this study, the Cap protein gene was amplified by PCR, and cloned into the transfer vect...

Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV) is an aphid-infecting virus with a 10-kb ssRNA genome that contains two large open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 and ORF2 encode the nonstructural and structural polyproteins, respectively. Both ORFs are preceded by noncoding regions of 500 nt that could function as internal ribosome entry segments (IRESes). The sequence for ORF2 lacks an obvious initiation codon, ...

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) disease on rice plants. Xoc delivers a type III effector AvrRxo1-ORF1 into rice plant cells that can be recognized by disease resistance (R) protein Rxo1, and triggers resistance to BLS disease. However, the mechanism and virulence role of AvrRxo1 is not known. In the genome of Xoc, AvrRxo1-ORF1 is adjacent to another gen...

The I factor of Drosophila melanogaster is a retrotransposon of the LINE superfamily. The I factor displays two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) that have the potential to encode for a nucleic acid-binding protein (ORF1) and a reverse transcriptase (ORF2). Retrotransposition of the I factor has been demonstrated and a putative full-length RNA intermediate has been identified. No other...

Long INterspersed Element one (LINE-1, or L1), is a widely distributed, autonomous retrotransposon in mammalian genomes. During retrotransposition, L1 RNA functions first as a dicistronic mRNA and then as a template for cDNA synthesis. Previously, we defined internal ribosome entry sequences (IRESs) upstream of both ORFs (ORF1 and ORF2) in the dicistronic mRNA encoded by mouse L1. Here, RNA aff...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for hepatitis E, which represents a global public health problem. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are reported to be zoonotic, and animals are monitored for HEV infection in the interests of public hygiene and food safety. The development of novel diagnostic methods and vaccines for HEV in humans is thus important topics of research. Opening reading frame (ORF) 2 of...

Paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) is a mammalian gene that is essential for embryonic development in mice. The gene contains two overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) and is derived from a retroelement that acquired a cellular function. It is not known if both reading frames are required for PEG10 function. Synthesis of ORF2 would be possible only if programmed 1 frameshifting occu...

Astroviruses require the proteolytic cleavage of the capsid protein to infect the host cell. Here we describe the processing pathway of the primary translation product of the structural polyprotein (ORF2) encoded by a human astrovirus serotype 8 (strain Yuc8). The primary translation product of ORF2 is of approximately 90 kDa, which is subsequently cleaved to yield a 70-kDa protein (VP70) which...

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has about 250 copies of LINEs (here called ATLNs). Of these, some, called ATLN-Ls, have an extra sequence of about 2 kb in the region downstream of two consecutive open reading frames, orf1 and orf2. Interestingly, the extra sequences in these ATLN-L members have another open reading frame, designated as orf3. Each member is flanked by direct repeats of a target ...