Reflex bradycardia and sinus arrest may occur in a variety of surgical procedures, from neurosurgery to general abdominal, laparoscopic, ophthalmic and facial surgery and even procedures such as liver biopsies and electroconvulsive therapy. In most cases a vagally-mediated reflex has been implicated, although experimental support for this is often lacking. Drugs such as vecuronium, atracurium, ...

There is substantial national and international variation in the conduct of anesthesia for ophthalmic surgical procedures. Ophthalmic regional anesthetic techniques include traditional needle-based blocks, such as intraconal or extraconal injections; sub-Tenon's blocks which can be accomplished with needles, but are more commonly performed with blunt cannulae; and topical anesthesia. Needle-bas...

Educational institutions should be aware of the frequency of surgical procedures in private practice, to assist both the student and the lecturer in evaluating the relative importance of procedures and to structure training programmes accordingly. The surgical caseload for 1 year at a veterinary academic hospital and 13 private companion animal hospitals registered with the South African Veteri...

Trigeminal nerve ophthalmic and motor division function was assessed clinically and electrically in 32 patients who had undergone various surgical procedures for trigeminal neuralgia. Using known electrophysiological techniques, the orbicularis oculi and jaw reflexes were tested in all subjects. Abnormalities of the orbicularis oculi reflex were anticipated on the basis of ophthalmic division a...

Eyelid involvement is common in facial burns. Ocular sequelae, including corneal ulceration, are usually preventable and secondary to the development of eyelid deformities, exposure keratopathy, and rarely, orbital compartment syndrome. Early ophthalmic review and prophylactic ocular lubrication is mandatory in burns involving the eyelids. Early surgical intervention, often requiring repeat pro...

The use of monitored anaesthesia care (MAC) is increasing with the discovery of newer, more effective and appropriate drugs and techniques. MAC is intended to achieve patient comfort with safety and optimal clinical outcome and is being extensively used worldwide for cataract and other ophthalmic surgeries. This article briefly reviews the conceptual basis of MAC, its use in ophthalmic surgerie...

BACKGROUND Transitions between health care settings represent vulnerable periods for medical error. Discontinuation of long-term medication use may occur during discharge from the hospital to the community. METHODS We performed a population-based, cohort study using administrative records from Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 1997, and September 30, 2002. We studied all residents 66 years an...

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diagrammed are drawn as they would appear under an operating microscope. Flow charts that enumerate the factors involved in the decision to operate are included, as are algorithms describing treatment procedures. Among the techniques described and illustrated are scleral buckling in retinal surgery and correction of refraction through keratotomy in corneal surgery. Also covered are various uses...

AIMS Children with treatable, vision impairing conditions may not have access to surgical care when they live in regions where anaesthesia is unavailable. The use of ketamine anaesthesia in a developing region was studied to determine its safety and effectiveness. METHODS This is a consecutive series of 679 children who had a variety of paediatric eye disorders necessitating a short general a...