The amount of used restaurant oils diverted to biodiesel production in the United States is increasing due to growing consumer interest, the emergence of biodiesel cooperatives, and increased commercial capacity (NBB 2006). Biodiesel, a renewable fuel used as an alternative or additive to conventional diesel, offers several benefits: biodiesel burns cleaner than conventional diesel, it can be p...

This paper discussed the impact of higher oil prices on the Pakistan’s economy during 1990 to 2008. Pakistan is not oil producing rather oil-importing country. An increase in oil price leads to inflation, increase budget deficit and puts downward pressure on exchange rate which makes imports more expensive. The rising oil prices are the major concern for all the developing economies and Pakista...

in this paper, asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuation (according to positive and negative shocks) on real output were investigated. in the meantime, the study of behaviour of real output growth in iran’s economy over the period 1338-1386 was done. in specification of the output growth equation, in spite of considering positive and negative shocks of exchange rate, the effects of other ...

abstracta number of economists argue that the capital expenditure has a positive impact and the current expenditure has negative impact on output while others believe that the government expenditure, regardless of being current or capital spending, has a negative impact on the economy. in this direction, this paper tries to investigate the impact of current and capital government expenditure on...

In this study, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based neural network ensemble learning model is proposed for world crude oil spot price modeling and forecasting. For this purpose, the original crude oil spot price series were first decomposed into a finite and often small number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then the three-layer feed-forward neural network (FNN) model was used to mod...

Often in oil reservoirs a layer of water lies under the layer of oil. The suction pressure due to a distribution of oil wells will cause the oil-water interface to rise up towards the wells. Given a particular distribution of oil wells, we are interested in finding the flow rates of each well that maximise the total flow rate without the interface breaking through to the wells. A method for fin...