We provide a very simple model of a reeective facility based on the pure-calculus, and we show that its theory of contextual equivalence is trivial: two terms in the language are contextually equivalent ii they are-congruent.

The author highlights the importance of emotions in all ethical reflections. He describes the most common positions of ethicists employing duties and rights as the basis for ethical thought. The author, goes to Freudian theory as viewed by the utilitarians, stating that the 'quest for pleasure' is not necessarily egocentric, especially for adults. For example, the feeling of solidarity emerges ...

The above approaches certainly have their place but also have their limitations. The repeated invocation of archival material tends to create an impression that ethical edicts are merely of historical significance and are irrelevant today. Some of the historical texts on medical ethics are based on morality, at times even bordering on the spiritual or the religious. This could be a hindrance to...

1 Intelligent Interactive Distributed Systems Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081A, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 Computer and Law Institute Faculty of Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3 The Center for Law, Public Administration and Informatization Faculty of Law, Tilburg University Warandelaan 2, 5000...

Privacy related properties in electronic voting are naturally expressed as indistinguishability properties. This motivates the study of observational equivalence, as well as static equivalence in the context of the AVOTÉ project. In this report we survey the existing results on the computational soundness of symbolic indistinguishability relations in the presence of a passive adversary, for whi...

In this note, we present a proof of Π2-completeness of contextual equivalence of Turing machines via a reduction of the language FIN to contextual inequivalence. FIN is the language of encodings 〈Mi〉 of Turing machines Mi for which the set Wi of inputs on which Mi halts (or the set of accepting inputs of Mi) is finite. FIN is known to be Σ 0 2-complete.

This study was an unobtrusive observational analysis of 333 older and younger bus passengers in Guadalajara, Mexico. A set of data were collected for each observed passenger, as well as more general observations related to driver behaviour, bus design and bus service characteristics. There were significant differences between older and younger passengers in terms of boarding and alighting times...

There are results which show that measure-theoretic deterministic models and stochastic models are observationally equivalent. Thus there is a choice between a deterministic and an indeterministic model and the question arises: Which model is preferable relative to evidence? If the evidence equally supports both models, there is underdetermination. This paper first distinguishes between differe...

background: during the last decades, to assess the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (wmsds), enormous observational methods have been developed. rapid entire body assessment (reba) and quick exposure check (qec) are two general methods in this field. this study aimed to compare ergonomic risk assessment outputs from qec and reba in terms of agreement in distribution of pos...

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