Three strategies for scientific research in management are examined: advocacy, induction, and multiple hypotheses. Advocacy of a single dominant hypothesis is efficient, but biased. Induction is not biased, but it is inefficient. The multiple hypotheses strategy seems to be both efficient and unbiased. Despite its apparent lack of objectivity, most management scientists use advocacy. For exampl...

Much current naturalistically inclined philosophy of mind has set up its defining problem in such a way as to echo Frege's puzzle of the informativeness of identity statements.1 To take but one of dozens of examples, Fodor (1987) goes to some pains to ensure that his theory of content will entail that a cognitive token can have the content 'Jocasta' without having the content 'Oedipus' Mother',...

In this paper, I try to make sense of the idea that true knowledge attributions characterize something that is more valuable than true belief and that survives even if, as Contextualism implies, contextual changes make it no longer identifiable by a knowledge attribution. I begin by sketching a familiar, pragmatic picture of assertion that helps us to understand and predict how the words “S kno...