This paper presents a search and matching model to account for the most salient facts of labor markets with informal jobs in developing countries. The data suggests that workers reallocate from formal jobs into informal jobs in recessions, as well as when policy makers intervene in the market. This reallocation is mainly driven by the large and procyclical swings of the job …nding rate in the f...

A rich literature seeks to explain the distinctive features of equilibrium institutions arising in risky environments which lack formal insurance and credit markets. I develop a theory of endogenous matching between heterogeneously risk-averse individuals who, once matched, choose both the riskiness of the income stream they face (ex ante risk management) as well as how to share that risk (ex p...

We analyze a model of wage payment practices in which strategic complementarities arise because each employer’s costs of delaying wages decrease with the arrears in its labor market. The model is estimated on panel data for workers and firms in Russia, facilitating identification through fixed effects for employees, employers, and local labor markets, and instrumental variables based on policy ...

in this paper, i investigated the determinants of financial development with emphasis on social capital. first, i explain the relationship between financial development and its determinants, then estimate the model with gregory–hansen (1996) and johansen-juselious cointegration techniques in i.r. of iran (1971-2006). the results showed that, inflation and decline in social capital and weak prop...

our goal in this paper is to describe and compare basic immunopathologic pattern of common demyelinating disorder, that is very important to choose the best treatment. The most common disorders are multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica,Anti MOG associated disease,ADEM and autoimmune encephalitis. ADEM consists of ‘‘sleeves’’ of demyelination centered on small, engorge...

We study voters’ response to marginal changes the fine for electoral abstention in Peru, leveraging variation from a nationwide reform. A smaller has robust, negative effect on voter turnout, partly through irregular registration. However, representation is largely unaffected, as most of lost votes are blank or invalid. also show that an exemption compulsory voting substantially larger than ful...

This paper analyzes the connection between informal insurance institutions in rural Africa and the adoption of new technologies. We model two linked games — a community risk-sharing game and an old-age insurance game — and analyze the multiple equilibria that arise. We provide a numerical example that indicates that informal insurance institutions may put a downward pressure on the adoption of ...