Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic role of object relations and defense mechanisms in individuals with opioid abuse, stimulants users, and normal individuals. Method: The research design was correlational. The study population consisted of all clients using stimulants, opiates and normal people who referred to Shiraz and Tehran addiction treatment clin...

Background: Executive function is considered as the capacity of the human brain including the capacity for organization, cognitive flexibility, planning, problem solving, and so on. Long-term use of opiates such as heroin and methadone is associated with a wide range of executive functions deficits. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive-executive function and emotional symptoms of ...