The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped tariff equivalent estimate to its determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, trade co...

This study investigates the effect of various types trade impediments on Indonesia's flows. We categorize tariff measures, non-tariff measures (NTMs), and lack facilitation into at-the-border behind-the-border barriers. A gravity model is applied to a panel dataset covering 177 partners from 2007 2016. shows that protection remains high, particularly due increasing use NTMs. Furthermore, also c...

We extend the protection for sale framework by modelling non tariff barriers. Explicitly introducing partial rent capturing leads to a testable specification that bridges the gap between the theoretical Grossman and Helpman (1994) model and its empirical implementation, where coverage ratios have been used to measure protection. Our econometric analysis supports the augmented specification and ...

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 R I. The Formative Differences Between the Basic Regulatory Principles of the United States and the European Union . . 448 R II. The Impacts of Regulatory Incoherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 R A. Differences in Industry and Trade Regulation between the Uni...

This paper examines exchange rate pass-through in the automobile markets of twelve European Union countries. Using retail prices for individual car models for the 1993-96 period our estimates are based on a hedonic pricing framework which controls for model specific characteristics. Pass-through is found to be significantly below fifty percent in all countries. There is no evidence that either ...

In this paper, we explore how tariff and standard-like Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) introduced by the EU are related with market conditions in domestic markets. While Tariffs work as a pure tax on import, NTMs potentially affcet costs of both firms foreign exporters. may not necessarily protectionist measures even induce pro-competitive effects longer term, especially if allow for mobility. The i...

A basic result of new economic geography (NEG) models is that the proximity to consumer markets impacts wages and employment within regions. The ongoing process of European integration, being targeted on the reduction of barriers to trade and factor mobility, has presumably changed relative market access in Europe. The present paper aims at providing some evidence on spatial effects of integrat...