introduction: oral premalignant lesions are conditions having high potential tendency for transformation into malignancy. the use of a conservative and effective treatment modality is one of the best strategies for cancer prevention. photodynamic therapy (pdt) is a non-invasive method for topical and selective treatment of oral precancerous lesions. the present study was taken up to determine t...

background: pulse wave velocity (pwv) is widely used for estimating the stiffness of an artery. v arious invasive and non-invasive methods have been developed to determine pwv over the years. in the present research , the non-invasive estimation of the pwv of large arteries was used as an index for arterial stiffness. methods: a dynamic model based on the navier-stokes equations coupled to elas...

   18F-FDG is the most commonly used radioisotope in PET scanning and is administered intravenously. When patients cannot cannulated, there are limited options available for functional tumour assessment. A fifty year old male presented for investigation of a suspected lung carcinoma identified during investigation of pneumonia. The patient had a severe needle phobia, intellectual dis...

Objective(s): Streptococcus pyogenes, a notorious human pathogen is responsible to cause a wide range of infections varies from superficial common clinical illness to severe and life threatening infections. To our knowledge this is the first report exploring the emm types and superantigen/exotoxin gene profile of S. pyogenes from Pakistan. Materials a...

background and objectives: invasive and non-invasive techniques are used to diagnose h. pylori infection. some factors influence the choice of a diagnostic test, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the tests, the clinical circumstances and the cost-effectiveness of the testing strategy. the aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between different h. pylori infection diagnosis m...

Electroretinographic (ERG) investigations are conventionally performed by using corneal or conjunctival recording electrodes. Both types have to be placed in contact with the eye, resulting invasive and providing discomfort for the patient. This paper presents a simple technique to detect ERG potentials non-invasively. It relies on the use of a conducting liquid between the eye and an external ...

We read with interest the recent paper published in Thorax by Plant et al 1 which analysed predictors of the outcome of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute exacerba-tions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Few data are available on this important question , and studies specifically designed to propose answers are either retrospective 2 or have been performed in a small ...

BACKGROUND Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), also known as cell-free DNA testing and non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS), is an important addition to the range of screening tests for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. For trisomy 21 in particular, NIPT is superior to other screening modalities. However, NIPT has limitations and complexities that requesting clinicians and their patients sho...

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a method of respiratory support that is commonly used for the management of a wide range of causes of respiratory failure, both within and without the intensive care unit (ICU). This review will discuss the advantages of this mode of ventilation over more traditional methods, its indications and contra-indications and the equipment required, as well as reviewin...