anti n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (nmdr) encephalitis has been recognized as the most frequent autoimmune encephalitis in children after acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (adem).however due to the variable the variable clinical presentation, the paucity of specific finding on standard laboratory and radiological investigation remains under recognized. first discribed in 2005, most commonly...

Introduction: We previously shown that microinjection of glutamate into the hDB of rat elicited cardiovascular depressive responses. Microinjection of AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist, 2.5 mM, 50 nl) and CNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist, 1 mM, 50 nl) caused no significant changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. Microinjection of bicuculline (BMI: a GABAA receptor antagonist, 1 mM, 50...

introduction: we previously shown that microinjection of glutamate into the hdb of rat elicited cardiovascular depressive responses. microinjection of ap5 (an nmda receptor antagonist, 2.5 mm, 50 nl) and cnqx (an ampa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl) caused no significant changes in the blood pressure and heart rate. microinjection of bicuculline (bmi: a gabaa receptor antagonist, 1 mm, 50 nl)...

the effect of nmda (n-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor antagonists on tolerance to morphine antinociception was investigated in mice. daily subcutaneous administration of 50 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride for three days induced tolerance to different (3,6 and 9 mg/kg) test doses of morphine. the tolerance obtained was decreased by pretreatment of animals with single or repeated doses of competitiv...

1. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function can be modified by the action of several endogenous and exogenous modulatory processes. In the present study, we report that brief pulses of light potentiate NMDA, but not non-NMDA glutamatergic receptor-mediated whole-cell and single channel currents in rat cortical neurones in vitro. In addition, light also potentiated NMDA receptor-mediated wh...

During NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP), synapses are strengthened by trafficking AMPA receptors to the synapse through a calcium-dependent kinase cascade following activation of NMDA receptors. This process results in a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength that is thought to be a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. Over the past 20 years, many signaling pathway...

Single-cell activity was recorded in the locus coeruleus (LC) of morphine-dependent, halothane-anesthetized rats. Systemic administration opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) robustly increased LC neurons. Local microinjection or its hydrophilic derivative, methiodide, into (10 mM, 20-40 nl) did not activate neurons dependent Intracerebroventricular intracoerulear injection kynurenate, ...

NMDA receptors are of particular importance in the control of synaptic strength and integration of synaptic activity. Dopamine receptor modulation of NMDA receptors in neonatal striatum may influence the efficacy of synaptic transmission in the cortico-striatal pathway and if so, this modulation will affect the behaviour of the basal ganglia network. Here, we show that in acute brain slices of ...

Author's response to reviews: We would like to express our sincere thanks to the reviewers for their positive comments. Replies to Reviewer 1: 1. Have you tried to understand relationship between heart rate or heart size and NMDA-receptor regulation, because Ketamine is a kind of NMDA receptor antagonist? Response: At the embryonic stage, NMDA-receptor expression is initiated during late cardia...